Summary
Adherence is key for achieving the optimal benefits from a weight loss intervention. Despite the number of studies on factors that promote adherence, their findings suggest inconsistent and ...fragmented evidence. The aim of this study was to review the existing factors of adherence to weight loss interventions and to find factors that facilitate the design of effective intervention programs. Six databases were searched for this umbrella review; after the screening process, 21 studies were included. A total of 47 factors were identified in six groups as relevant for adherence: (i) sociodemographic (n = 7), (ii) physical activity (n = 2), (iii) dietary (n = 8), (iv) behavioral (n = 4), (v) pharmacological (n = 3), and (vi) multi‐intervention (n = 23). In addition, a map of adherence factors was created. The main findings are that with respect to demographic factors, the development of personalized intervention strategies based on the characteristics of specific populations is encouraged. Moreover, self‐monitoring has been shown to be effective in behavioral, dietary, and multi‐interventions, while technology has shown potential in dietary, behavioral, and multi‐interventions. In addition, multi‐interventions are adherence‐promoting strategies, although more evidence is required on adherence to pharmacological interventions. Overall, the factor map can be controlled and modified by researchers and practitioners to improve adherence to weight loss interventions.
Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and ...meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.
Objectives
To analyze the effects of a fast‐velocity concentric resistance training (FVCRT) program on maximum strength of upper and lower limb, gait speed, walking endurance, fatigue, physical ...self‐perception, and catastrophizing pain in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Materials and Methods
Participants were randomized to either an experimental EG (n = 18) or a control CG (n = 12) group. The EG carried out 10‐weeks of lower limb FVCRT. The CG did not perform any intervention. The maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVIC) during knee extension, hand‐grip strength, gait speed, walking endurance, fatigue, physical self‐perception, and catastrophizing pain were measured.
Results
Inter‐group differences after intervention were found on the right and left sides in MVIC (p = .032; ES = ‐0.7 and p = .009; ES = ‐0.9), and hand grip strength (p = .003; ES = ‐1.0 and p = .029; ES = ‐0.7). After FVCRT, there was in increase in MVIC (p < .001; ES = ‐1.7 and p < .001; ES = ‐1.3) and hand grip strength (p < .001; ES = ‐1.3 and p < .001; ES = ‐1.3) on both right and left sides, respectively. In addition, gait speed (p = .023; ES = 1.3), walking endurance (p < .001; ES = ‐1.0), symptomatic fatigue (p = .004; ES = 0.6), and catastrophizing pain (p < .001; ES = 1.0) improved in EG.
Conclusion
Lower limb FVCRT improved the upper and lower limb strength, walking, symptomatic fatigue, and catastrophizing pain in MS participants.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of hypoxia on metabolic and acid–base balance, blood oxygenation, electrolyte, and half-squat performance variables during high-resistance ...circuit (HRC) training.
Methods
Twelve resistance-trained subjects participated in this study. After a 6RM testing session, participants performed three randomized trials of HRC: normoxia (NORM: FiO
2
= 0.21), moderate hypoxia (MH: FiO
2
= 0.16), or high hypoxia (HH: FiO
2
= 0.13), separated by 72 h of recovery in normoxic conditions. HRC consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, deadlift and elbow flexion; Block 2: half-squat, triceps extension, and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at 6RM. Rest periods lasted for 35 s between exercises, 3 min between sets, and 5 min between blocks. Peak and mean force and power were determined during half-squat. Metabolic, acid–base balance, blood oxygenation and electrolyte variables, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO
2
), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured following each block.
Results
During the first set, peak force and power were significantly lower in HH than MH and NORM; whereas in the second set, mean and peak force and power were significantly lower in HH than NORM. At the end of the HRC training session, blood lactate and RPE in HH were significantly higher than in MH and NORM. SaO
2
, pH, HCO
3
−
, and pO
2
values were significantly lower in all hypoxic conditions than in NORM.
Conclusion
These results indicate that simulated hypoxia during HRC exercise reduce blood oxygenation, pH, and HCO
3
−,
and increased blood lactate ultimately decreasing muscular performance.
This study aimed to analyse the effect of 10 weeks of a highly concentrated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic (EPA) supplementation (ratio 8:1) on strength deficit and inflammatory and ...muscle damage markers in athletes. Fifteen endurance athletes participated in the study. In a randomized, double-blinded cross-over controlled design, the athletes were supplemented with a re-esterified triglyceride containing 2.1 g/day of DHA + 240 mg/day of EPA or placebo for 10 weeks. After a 4-week wash out period, participants were supplemented with the opposite treatment. Before and after each supplementation period, participants performed one eccentric-induced muscle damage exercise training session (ECC). Before, post-exercise min and 24 and 48 h after exercise, muscle soreness, knee isokinetic strength and muscle damage and inflammatory markers were tested. No significant differences in strength deficit variables were found between the two conditions in any of the testing sessions. However, a significant effect was observed in IL1β (
0.011) and IL6 (
0.009), which showed significantly lower values after DHA consumption than after placebo ingestion. Moreover, a significant main effect was observed in CPK (
0.014) and LDH-5 (
0.05), in which significantly lower values were found after DHA + EPA consumption. In addition, there was a significant effect on muscle soreness (
0.049), lower values being obtained after DHA + EPA consumption. Ten weeks of re-esterified DHA + EPA promoted lower concentrations of inflammation and muscle damage markers and decreased muscle soreness but did not improve the strength deficit after an ECC in endurance athletes.
Highlights • In middle-aged women, low-moderate levels of programmed exercise for 12-16 weeks had a positive effect on sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), when ...compared with controls. • In a subgroup analysis, moderate levels of programmed exercise (aerobic exercise) had a positive effect on sleep quality measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, while low levels of physical activity (yoga) did not have a significant effect. • There was a non-significant reduction in the severity of insomnia measured with the Insomnia Severity Index score compared with controls.
To analyze the effectiveness of resistance training programs (RTP) on strength, functional capacity, balance, general health perception, and fatigue for people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and to ...determine the most effective dose of RTP in this population.
Studies examining the effect of RTP on strength, functional capacity, balance, general health perception, and fatigue in MS patients were included. 44 studies were included. The meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression methods were used to calculate the mean difference and standardized mean difference.
Significant group differences were observed in knee extensor (p = 0.01) and flexor (p < 0.001), but not in 1-repetition maximum. Regarding functional capacity and balance, differences between groups, in favour of the RTP group, were found in the Timed Up and Go Test (p = 0.001), walking endurance, (p = 0.02) gait speed (p = 0.02) and balance (p = 0.02). No significant differences between groups were observed in fatigue or general health perception. The results regarding the optimal dose are inconsistent.
RTP improves strength, functional capacity, balance, and fatigue in people with MS. Registration: (PROSPERO): CRD42020182781
Implications for rehabilitation
Resistance training is a valid strategy to improve isometric strength and functional capacity in MS patients.
RTP using long durations (more than 6 weeks), high intensity (more than 80% 1-RM) and two-day weekly training frequency may be a correct stimulus to improve strength, functional capacity, balance, and fatigue in people with MS.
Trainers and rehabilitators should consider these indicators in order to maximize muscular and functional adaptations in this population.
The goal was to analyze the effect of two different training programs on functional autonomy, balance, and body composition in aged women and to determine the influence of their cognitive function.
...Older women aged between 60 to 80 years old were invited to participate in the study. A block randomisation method was used to allocate participants to the Pilates group (PEP), the Muscular group (MEP) and the control group (CG) with equal sample sizes (n = 20). PEP or MEP were required to train twice a week (1 hour/session) in a moderate to vigorous intensity for 18 weeks. Functional autonomy was assessed with the GDLAM protocol. The cognitive function, withthe Mini-Mental State (MMS). Static balance, with a force platform (Kistler 9286AA). Body composition, with a dual-energy X-ray bone densitometry. Research staff performing the assessment and statistical analysis was blinded.
Eighty participants were randomized, 16 women did not meet the inclusion criteria and 4 refused to participate. 60 participants were analysed. Either Pilates or Muscular group improved significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in every GDLAM test. Pilates had a better general functional condition index (IG) than the Muscular group (P = 0.042). There was a significant interaction (P ≤ 0.05) between the cognitive function and two items of the GDLAM test. The amplitude of displacement of the center of pressure in the antero-posterior plane decreased significantly in the Muscular group (P = 0.04). The total lean body increased in the Pilates (P =< .001) and the Muscular groups (P = 0.05).
Pilates should be recommended for improving the general functional condition of older women, while the Muscular exercise is effective for enhancing the static balance. Both exercise programs are effective for increasing the total lean body. The cognitive function interacts with some functional autonomy parameters
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02506491; available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02506491).
•Pilates resulted in a greater increase in the general functional condition of older women than muscular exercise program.•Better cognitive function led to better agility pattern as well as to a better general functional condition.•Pilates and muscular exercise programs led to significant increase in lean body mass.•Muscular exercise program improved the two-leg static balance.
The purpose of this systematic review was to update and examine to what extent multicomponent training interventions could improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical regions of the body in ...postmenopausal and older women.
A computerized literature search was performed in the following online databases: PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Knowledge. The search was performed to include articles up until February 2017. The methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.
Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies examining the effects of combined training methods in postmenopausal and older women showed contrasting results, possibly due to the wide range of the participants' age, the evaluation of different regions, and the varying characteristics of the training methods between studies. Overall, it appears that exercise modes that combine resistance, weight-bearing training, and impact-aerobic activities can increase or prevent muscle and skeletal mass loss during the ageing process in women.
Further studies are needed to identify the optimal multicomponent training protocols, specifically the training loads that will improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical locations, in postmenopausal and older women.
•10 weeks of strength training improves maximal neural drive in multiple sclerosis patients.•This training program decreases spasticity of lower limb in this population.•Contractile properties remain ...unchanged after 10 weeks of strength training people with multiple sclerosis.
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to analyze the effects of 10 weeks of strength training (ST) on voluntary activation, muscle activity, muscle contractile properties, and spasticity in people with MS.
30 participants were randomized to either an experimental EG (n = 18) or a control CG (n = 12) group. The EG carried out 10-weeks of ST, where the concentric phase was performed at maximum voluntary velocity. Muscle activity of the vastus lateralis (surface electromyography (sEMG) during the first 200 ms of contraction), maximal neural drive (peak sEMG), voluntary activation (central activation ratio), and muscle contractile function (via electrical stimulation) of the knee extensor muscles, as well as spasticity, were measured pre- and post-intervention.
The EG showed a significant improvement with differences between groups in muscle activity in EMG0–200 (p = 0.031; ES = -0.8) and maximal neural drive (p = 0.038; ES = -0.8), as well as improvement in the ST group with a trend towards significance in EMG0–100 (p = 0.068; ES = -0.6). CAR increased after intervention in ST group (p = 0.010; ES=-0.4). Spasticity also improved in the ST group, with differences between group after intervention, in first swing excursion (right leg: p = 0.006; ES = -1.4, left leg: p = 0.031; ES = -1.2), number of oscillations (right leg: p = 0.001; ES = -0.4, left leg: p = 0.031; ES = -0.4) and duration of oscillations (left leg: p = 0.002; ES = -0.6). Contractile properties remain unchanged in both ST group and CG.
10 weeks of ST improves muscle activity during the first 200 ms of contraction, maximal neural conduction, and spasticity in people with MS. However, ST does not produce adaptations in muscle contractile properties in this population.
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