Carbons with hierarchical pores in the range of few nanometers obtained via template-assisted methods offer a great control over structure and geometry of pores, keeping them uniformly distributed ...and better connected. Another advantage is the easy functionalization of templated porous carbons (TPCs) by various dopants, which makes them excellent materials for catalysis, energy storage and conversion, sensors and environmental applications. Herein, beyond zeolite-templated carbons, key methodologies based on the template material such as organic and metal oxides, silica, polymers, metal-organic framework (MOFs) and bio-originated materials used for the preparation of porous carbons possessing predetermined structure and composition, have been reviewed. The effects of precursor material on the textural and structural properties of TPCs have been described. In scope of applying novel methods such as evaporation induced self-assembling (EISA), the influence of different templates on the properties of resulting materials has been discussed. Further, advances on the template-induced synthesis of self-supporting metal-organic frameworks and their utilization as advanced templates have been described. Moreover, self-templates are especially emphasized, application of which in our opinion can provide a sustainable large-scale production of TPCs. The recent progress in the study of the diffusional processes, energy and biomedical applications as well as the confinement effects of different liquids and proteins within the porous matrices of template-derived carbons, have been reviewed.
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Current research deals with thermal buckling of rotating carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) beams. Material properties of the composite beam are assumed to be temperature dependent. Also ...volume fraction of CNT may change across the beam thickness which results in a functionally graded media. Beam is subjected to uniform temperature rise and constant angular rotating speed. The governing equations of the composite beam are obtained using the Timoshenko beam theory and von Kármán type of kinematic assumptions. Material properties of the composite media are estimated using a refined rule of mixtures approach. The obtained governing equations of the composite beam are linearized to study the pre-buckling deformations and conditions for the occurrence of classical bifurcation buckling are analysed. After that, using the adjacent equilibrium criterion, the stability equations governing the onset of buckling are obtained. These equations are solved by means of the generalized differential quadratures method. Numerical results are given to analyse the conditions of thermo-inertial buckling for rotating FG-CNTRC beams with different boundary conditions, various volume fractions and graded patterns for CNTs and different geometrical parameters. It is shown that beams with intermediate volume fraction of CNTs do not have necessarily intermediate critical buckling temperature. Also for certain conditions of boundary conditions, rotation may increase the critical buckling temperature of the beam.
Air-based atmospheric-pressure plasma is an effective non-thermal method in deactivating various kinds of microbial biofilms with several advantages, including high bactericidal efficiency and low ...treatment costs. Bacterial biofilm formation is a major determinant in establishment of bacterial infection and also resistance to antibacterial chemotherapy. This study aims to assess the anti-biofilm potential of air-based atmospheric-pressure DBD plasma against
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Escherichia coli
biofilms. The biofilms of
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Escherichia coli
were exposed to air-based atmospheric-pressure DBD plasma for up to 4 min (control, 30 s, 90 s, 3 min, and 4 min) and their biofilm formation level, viability, and membrane integrity were determined. Based on the results, plasma exposure caused disruption up to 70% and 85% for
S. aureus
and
E. coli
biofilms, respectively. The biofilm disruption potential of air-based atmospheric-pressure DBD plasma was confirmed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides, based on confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), plasma exposure caused a significant bacterial inactivation and
E. coli
was found as more susceptible strain than
S. aureus.
In conclusion, atmospheric-pressure DBD plasma could be considered an efficient non-thermal approach against bacterial pathogenicity by biofilm disruption and thus prevention of infection establishment.
Being the lightest, most mobile atom that exists, hydrogen plays an important role in the chemistry of hydrocarbons, proteins and peptides and most biomolecules. Hydrogen can undergo transfer, ...exchange and migration processes, having considerable impact on the chemical behavior of these molecules. Although much has been learned about reaction dynamics involving one hydrogen atom, less is known about those processes where two or more hydrogen atoms participate. Here we show that single and double hydrogen migrations occurring in ethanol cations and dications take place within a few hundred fs to ps, using a 3D imaging and laser pump-probe technique. For double hydrogen migration, the hydrogens are not correlated, with the second hydrogen migration promoting the breakup of the C-O bond. The probability of double hydrogen migration is quite significant, suggesting that double hydrogen migration plays a more important role than generally assumed. The conclusions are supported by state-of-the-art molecular dynamics calculations.
It is clear to characterize logic algebras, ideals and filters play important role, therefore in this research, we survey the structure of various ideals and find some types of ideals such as ...positive implicative ideals, strong ideals and MV-ideals in residuated lattices. We also introduce the concept of quasi ideals and show that any ideal is a quasi ideal, but the converse does not hold in general. We clarify the relations between these ideals in residuated lattices, strong residuated lattices and BL-algebras. For instance, we prove that in strong residuated lattices the concept of quasi ideals and ideals are the same and in BL-algebras the concepts of quasi ideals, ideals, strong ideals and MV-ideals coincide, whereas they are different in residuated lattices and MTL-algebras. We detect the relation between these ideals with MV-algebras, strong algebras and Boolean algebras.
In this study, ZnO: Eu nanoparticles were produced by the co-precipitation method. In this context, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was analyzed to characterized the produced nanoparticles. Moreover, the ...approximate crystallite size of the nanoparticles was calculated using Scherrer's formula and Williamson-Hall's equation of 27 nm with a strain of 0.002. The crystalline size and the microstructure of ZnO: Eu nanoparticles were obtained by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its results were consistent with the analysis of (XRD). The optical properties of the prepared nanostructure were studied by applying photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), which was observed in the spectrum obtained with an excitation wavelength of 325 nm in the ultraviolet range and visible zone of the peaks. The energy band gap was reached through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for ZnO: Eu nanoparticles. The connection between the produced nanostructure elements was defined by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Methylene blue and anthracene reagents were used to detect the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. The reduction in anthracene and methylene blue absorption emphasizes the production of singlet oxygen and radical hydroxyl. ZnO: Eu nanoparticles were used as an antimicrobial inhibitor against various bacterial species. Taken together, our results confirmed that the growth of bacteria can be inhibited by ZnO: Eu nanoparticles. The maximum diameter of the halo was not increased, due to the effect of 26 mm nanoparticles that is related to P.aeruginosa bacteria.
•ZnO:Eu nanoparticles were produced by the co-precipitation method.•Synthesis method and structural characteristics are discussed in detail.•The optical properties of the prepared nanostructure were studied.•ZnO:Eu nanoparticles were used as an antimicrobial inhibitor.
This article discusses the conversion of electrodeposited iodine to polyiodides within the nanopores of carbon electrodes that affect the performance of iodide electrolyte‐based electrochemical ...cells. Here, carbon electrodes have been polarized in aqueous sodium iodide electrolyte to store charge in the form of solid iodine via highly reversible reaction (2I−⇌I2+2e−). The stored iodine within the pores interacts with free iodide ions present in the bulk electrolyte via comproportionation reactions leading to polyiodide (I3− and I5−) formations. By tuning the mass asymmetry of carbon electrodes in hybrid cells and using the in‐situ Raman spectroscopy on positive battery electrode, we show the influence of iodine/polyiodides equilibrium shifts on the self‐discharge and voltage rebounds during open circuit conditions. This study provides insights into the charging mechanisms of carbon electrodes for iodine‐based hybrid supercapacitors and battery systems.
Iodides oxidation within carbon nanopores forms iodine leading to complete transformation of charge storage from a pure capacitive to battery behaviour. Iodine retention in the pores and preventing its comproportionation reactions is the key to realize stable hybrid supercapacitors and batteries. This article further refines the understanding on how the equilibrium shifts could affect the performance of hybrid cells with iodide‐based electrolytes.
Some types of filters in MTL-algebras Borzooei, R.A.; Khosravi Shoar, S.; Ameri, R.
Fuzzy sets and systems,
01/2012, Volume:
187, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The aim of this work is to introduce the concepts of IMTL-filters and strong MTL-filters in MTL-algebras and show that these filters are related to IMTL-algebras and strong MTL-algebras, ...respectively. We also introduce the concepts of EIMTL and associative filters in MTL-algebras. The relationships between these filters and quotient algebras that are constructed via these filters are described. We clarify that EIMTL, IMTL and fantastic filters coincide in BL-algebras, whereas they have different properties in MTL-algebras; moreover, the relations between them are delineated. We prove that strong filters include some current filters such as implicative, positive implicative and fantastic filters.
Cutaneous melanoma is a life-threatening skin cancer because of its poorly understood invasive nature and high metastatic potential. This study examines the importance of eukaryotic translation ...initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) in melanoma pathogenesis.
We examined EIF5A2 expression in 459 melanocytic lesions using tissue microarray. In addition, melanoma cell lines were subjected to invasion and cell proliferation assays, zymography, FACS and real-time PCR to investigate the role of EIF5A2 in cancer progression.
Positive EIF5A2 staining increased from dysplastic naevi to primary melanomas (PMs; P=0.001), and further increased in metastatic melanomas (P=0.044). Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 expression was correlated with melanoma thickness (P<0.001) and was inversely correlated with the 5-year survival of PM patients especially those with tumour ≤2 mm thick. Strikingly, none of the latter died within 5 years in EIF5A2-negative staining group. Cox regression analysis revealed that EIF5A2 is an independent prognostic marker. Further, we found that EIF5A2 is a novel downstream target of phosphorylated Akt. Both melanoma cell invasion and MMP-2 activity increased and decreased with EIF5A2 overexpression and knockdown, respectively.
We for the first time showed that EIF5A2, as a target of PI3K/Akt, promotes melanoma cell invasion and may serve as a promising prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.
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•Properties of wheat gluten proteins as board adhesives strongly depend on the initial film formation.•A two-step gluing process improves the performance.•Dispersion viscosity and ...concentration affect substrate penetration behaviour.•Micro-CT analysis and optical microscopy visualize the penetration of the WG dispersion into the wood.
The wetting, penetration, and film formation of wheat gluten dispersions on porous wood substrates have been studied using different microscopy techniques. The effect variation of wheat gluten concentration, processing temperatures, dispersion composition, and the application scheme has been studied. The results have been correlated to previously obtained results on the function of wheat gluten dispersions as adhesive binders for particle boards. The results show that the dispersions readily penetrate the porous wood substrate and that the key parameters for a successful gluing are the dispersion viscosity, concentration, and the application scheme.
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