In this review, we explore the intricate development of sexual identity, drawing insights from genetic, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological studies. Gender identity, ...encapsulating an individual's internal perception as male or female, undergoes a nuanced and gradual formation, commencing early in life and progressing through distinct stages. Gender nonconformity delineates behaviors that diverge from culturally prescribed norms, while gender dysphoria encompasses the emotional distress experienced by some individuals due to a mismatch between their gender identity and assigned sex at birth. The genesis of sexual identity involves multifaceted processes spanning numerous years. Human sex differentiation involves the suppression or inactivation of specific genes, a phenomenon illuminated by genetic investigations into gender dysphoria, which have shown comparable rates of genetic variations to the general population. Nevertheless, twin studies suggest an augmented likelihood of transsexuality among family members, hinting at potential environmental influences. Brain sexual differentiation occurs during mid-to-late pregnancy due to the impact of gonadal hormones. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of feminine brain characteristics and subsequent masculinization likely involve a combination of factors, indicating a complex interplay rather than a singular cause. Studies propose that human sexual behavior is not governed by a solitary gene but rather by a network of genes dispersed across the genome. Notably, disparities in brain structures, functionalities between genders, as well as variations in endocrine and serotonin-dopamine levels, are implicated in the etiology of gender dysphoria, contributing to the understanding of this complex phenomenon situated between genders.
Bu gözden geçirmede cinsel kimlik gelişimini bu konuda yapılan genetik, endokrinolojik, nöroanatomik, nörofizyolojik çalışmaların ışığında açıklanması hedeflenmiştir. Cinsel kimlik bireyin kendisini öznel olarak kadın ya da erkek olarak algılamasını ifade eder. Cinsel kimlik gelişiminin erken yaşlarda başladığı, uzun yıllar süren aşamalı bir süreç olduğu ve çeşitli aşamalardan geçtiği belirtilmektedir. Cinsiyet uygunsuzluğu kültürel olarak tanımlanan normlara uymayan cinsiyet rol davranışını belirtir. Cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğu ise, cinsiyet uyumsuzluğu olan bazı bireylerin yaşayabileceği duygusal karmaşa veya sıkıntıyı ifade etmektedir. İnsanlarda cinsiyet farklılaşması bazı genlerin basımlanması ya da inaktivasyonu ile meydana gelmektedir. Cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğ örneklemlerindeki genetik araştırmalar rutin moleküler karyotiplemede değişiklik oranlarının genel popülasyona benzer olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak yapılan ikiz çalışmalarında aile üyeleri arasında artan transseksüelite riski paylaşılmış çevrenin de etken olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. İnsanlarda beynin cinsel yönden farklılaşması gonadal hormonlar etkisi ile gebeliğin ortası/sonlarında olmaktadır. Eldeki veriler değerlendirildiğinde beynin dişil özelliklerinin kaybolması ve erkeksileşmesi için olasılıkla birden fazla mekanizmanın rol oynayabileceği düşünülebilir. Yapılan çalışmalar insanlarda cinsel davranışın tek bir gen tarafından belirlenmediğini, tüm genoma yayılmış çoklu genlerce belirlendiğini düşündürmektedir. Erkek ve kadın beyni yapı ve işlevlerin farklı olması, endokrinolojik ve serotonin- dopamin düzeyinde ki farklılıklar cinsiyetler arasında CH etiyolojisinde etkili olabilir.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the sleep habits and sleep problems of patients with conduct disorder (CD) and to compare them with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This ...cross-sectional study included 45 children diagnosed with CD and 50 healthy controls. Sleep was evaluated by children’s sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ). Qualitative variables between groups were compared using chi-square test, whereas quantitative variables were compared using t-test. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships between the quantitative variables. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictors of severity of CD symptoms. P was set at 0.05. Results: The average ages of children in CD and control groups were 11.04±1.20 and 10.00±1.55 years, respectively. Moreover, 71.1% in the CD group were boys (vs. 78.0% in the control group). The groups were comparable in terms of socio-demographic features (all p>0.05). Scores of all CSHQ subscales were significantly elevated in the CD group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Clinically significant sleep problems were significantly elevated in the CD group (p<0.001). In the regression analysis, bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness emerged as significant predictors of the severity of CD. Conclusion: Sleep problems may be common among Turkish children with CD, and bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness may indicate severity of symptoms. Multimodal treatment for CD among children may address sleep problems.
...twin studies suggest an augmented likelihood of transsexuality among family members, hinting at potential environmental influences. ...instances of gender discordance (incompatibility between ...anatomical gender and gender identity) may be reported without concurrent manifestations of gender non-conformity (Diamond and Butterworth 2008, Agana et al. 2019). The expression of the SRY gene ("Sex determining region Y") on the Y chromosome in humans leads to the development of testes and the production of sex hormones in males, and this gene is also active in certain brain cells. The WNT-4 gene ("wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4") on the X chromosome may be necessary for both ovarian and testicular development.
In this review, we explore the intricate development of sexual identity, drawing insights from genetic, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological studies. Gender identity, ...encapsulating an individual's internal perception as male or female, undergoes a nuanced and gradual formation, commencing early in life and progressing through distinct stages. Gender nonconformity delineates behaviors that diverge from culturally prescribed norms, while gender dysphoria encompasses the emotional distress experienced by some individuals due to a mismatch between their gender identity and assigned sex at birth. The genesis of sexual identity involves multifaceted processes spanning numerous years. Human sex differentiation involves the suppression or inactivation of specific genes, a phenomenon illuminated by genetic investigations into gender dysphoria, which have shown comparable rates of genetic variations to the general population. Nevertheless, twin studies suggest an augmented likelihood of transsexuality among family members, hinting at potential environmental influences. Brain sexual differentiation occurs during mid-to-late pregnancy due to the impact of gonadal hormones. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of feminine brain characteristics and subsequent masculinization likely involve a combination of factors, indicating a complex interplay rather than a singular cause. Studies propose that human sexual behavior is not governed by a solitary gene but rather by a network of genes dispersed across the genome. Notably, disparities in brain structures, functionalities between genders, as well as variations in endocrine and serotonin-dopamine levels, are implicated in the etiology of gender dysphoria, contributing to the understanding of this complex phenomenon situated between genders. Keywords: Sexual identity, environmental stress, neurobiology, epigenetics Bu gozden gefirmede cinsel kimlik geligimini bu konuda yapilan genetik, endokrinolojik, noroanatomik, norofizyolojik calismalarin isiginda aciklanmasi hedeflenmigtir. Cinsel kimlik bireyin kendisini oznel olarak kadin ya da erkek olarak algilamasini ifade eder. Cinsel kimlik geligiminin erken yaglarda bagladigi, uzun yillar suren agamali bir surec oldugu ve fegitli asamalardan gectigi belirtilmektedir. Cinsiyet uygunsuzlugu kulturel olarak tanimlanan normlara uymayan cinsiyet rol davranigini belirtir. Cinsiyet hognutsuzlugu ise, cinsiyet uyumsuzlugu olan bazi bireylerin yagayabilecegi duygusal karmaga veya sikintiyi ifade etmektedir. Insanlarda cinsiyet farklilagmasi bazi genlerin basimlanmasi ya da inaktivasyonu ile meydana gelmektedir. Cinsiyet hognutsuzlug orneklemlerindeki genetik aragtirmalar rutin molekuler karyotiplemede degigiklik oranlarinin genel populasyona benzer oldugunu gostermigtir. Ancak yapilan ikiz caligmalarinda aile uyeleri arasinda artan transseksuelite riski paylasilmis cevrenin de etken olabilecegini dusundurmustur. insanlarda beynin cinsel yonden farklilasmasi gonadal hormonlar etkisi ile gebeligin ortasi/sonlarinda olmaktadir. Eldeki veriler degerlendirildiginde beynin disil ozelliklerinin kaybolmasi ve erkeksilegmesi ifin olasilikla birden fazla mekanizmanin rol oynayabilecegi dusunulebilir. Yapilan calismalar insanlarda cinsel davranism tek bir gen tarafindan belirlenmedigini, tum genoma yayilmis coklu genlerce belirlendigini dugundurmektedir. Erkek ve kadin beyni yapi ve islevlerin farkli olmasi, endokrinolojik ve serotonin- dopamin duzeyinde ki farkliliklar cinsiyetler arasinda CH etiyolojisinde etkili olabilir. Anahtar sozcukler: Cinsel kimlik, fevresel stres, norobiyoloji, epigenetik
This study aimed to investigate the effects of drug holidays during summer vacations among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were treated with methylphenidate in terms ...of ADHD symptoms and executive functions.
The study was a prospective cohort study that includes pre-treatment, post-treatment and post-drug holiday evaluations. ADHD symptom severity was evaluated with the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), the Conners' Parental Rating Scale-Short Form (CPRS) and the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale- Short Form (CTRS). The Stroop Color Word Test- TBAG Form (SCWT) was used to evaluate executive functions. Fifty-one patients participated in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methylphenidate (MPH) was started at 0.5 mg/kg/day and titrated weekly to a maximum of 1.2 mg/kg/day. During the follow-up period, 22 (43.0%) of the patients stopped treatment.
Completion times for all SCWT subtests were significantly reduced after treatment (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p < 0.001; respectively). Mean number of corrections in SCWT-3 and mean number of errors as well as corrections in SCWT-5 significantly reduced after treatment (p = 0.047, p = 0.005, p = 0.007; respectively). Mean number of corrections in SCWT-3 and mean number of errors in SCWT-5 increased significantly after drug holiday compared to post-treatment (p = 0.032 and p = 0.037; respectively).
Our results suggest that psychomotor speed and resistance to interference improved in children with ADHD receiving methylphenidate treatment. Drug holidays did not affect psychomotor speed while beneficial effects on resistance to interference were reduced with drug holidays.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the sleep habits and sleep problems of patients with conduct disorder (CD) and to compare them with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This ...cross-sectional study included 45 children diagnosed with CD and 50 healthy controls. Sleep was evaluated by children's sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ). Qualitative variables between groups were compared using chi-square test, whereas quantitative variables were compared using t-test. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships between the quantitative variables. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictors of severity of CD symptoms. P was set at 0.05. Results: The average ages of children in CD and control groups were 11.04+ or -1.20 and 10.00+ or -1.55 years, respectively. Moreover, 71.1% in the CD group were boys (vs. 78.0% in the control group). The groups were comparable in terms of socio-demographic features (all p>0.05). Scores of all CSHQ subscales were significantly elevated in the CD group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Clinically significant sleep problems were significantly elevated in the CD group (p<0.001). In the regression analysis, bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness emerged as significant predictors of the severity of CD. Conclusion: Sleep problems may be common among Turkish children with CD, and bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness may indicate severity of symptoms. Multimodal treatment for CD among children may address sleep problems. Keywords: Conduct disorder, sleep habits, child Amac: Calismamizin amaci, davranim bozuklugu (DB) olan hastalarin uyku aliskanliklarini ve uyku sorunlarini belirlemek ve bunlari saglikli kontrollerle karsilastirmaktir. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu calisma, saglikli bir kontrol grubu ile kesitsel bir calismadir. DB tanisi alan 45 cocuk ve 50 saglikli kontrol calismaya dahil edildi. Uyku aliskanliklari, cocuklarin uyku aliskanliklari anketi (CUAA) ile degerlendirildi. Gruplar arasi nitel degiskenler ki-kare testi ile kantitatif de g iskenler t-testi ile karsilastirildi. Nicel degiskenler arasindaki iliskileri deerlendirmek icin korelasyon analizleri yapilmistir. DB semptomlarinin siddetini belirleyen faktorleri degerlendirmek icin dogrusal regresyon analizi yapilmistir. P<0,05 degeri istatistiksel olarak anlamli kabul edildi. Bulgular: DB'li cocuklarin ve kontrollerin ortalama yaslari sirasiyla 11,04+ or -1,20 ve 10,00+ or -1,55 yildi. DB'li cocuklarin %71,1'ini erkekler olusturmustur (kontrollerin %78,0'i). Gruplar sosyo-demografik ozellikler acisindan benzerdi (p>0,05). Tum CUAA alt olceklerinin puanlari, kontrollere kiyasla DB grubunda anlamli olarak yuksekti (p<0,001). DB'li hastalarda klinik olarak anlamli uyku problemleri daha yuksekti (p<0,001). Regresyon analizinde, yatma zamani direnci ve gunduz uykululugu davranis bozuklugunun siddetinin anlamli yordayicilari olarak ortaya cikti. Sonuc: DB'si olan Turk cocuklarinda uyku sorunlari yaygin olabilir ve yatma zamani direnci ve gunduz uykululuk semptomlarin siddetini gosterebilir. Cocuklarda DB icin cok boyutlu tedavi uyku problemlerini de ele almalidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Davranim bozuklugu, uyku aliskanliklari, cocuklar
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare children with Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) and matched controls in terms of nonverbal communication skills, understanding of emotions, ...electrodermal activity (EDA) changes and response latencies measured with affective stimuli. Method: The study was designed as a single-center, cross-sectional, controlled study. KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale-Child Form, Test of Perception of Affect-Via Nonverbal Cues (TPANC) were used for both groups. The TPANC test was performed in 4 different sessions (for picture, video, audio and textual stimuli), and during each session, the EDA was measured from the non-dominant hand. Stimuli were given at 15 second intervals in the tests and phasic changes within 3-8 seconds after the stimulus was accepted as skin conductance responses related to the stimulus in accordance with the literature. The responses and response latency during the TPANC test were recorded by the clinician. Results: 31 children with SLD and 31 healthy controls were included in the study. The mean ages for SLD and controls were 10 years 6 months and 10 years 1 month; respectively. In the SLD group, the number of correct responses in all subtests of TPANC was statistically significantly lower than controls (p<0.05). When TPANC subtests response latencies were compared, there was a significant increase in the SLD group compared to controls (p<0.05). The groups did not display a significant difference in EDA changes while providing responses in TPANC. Conclusion: Our results contribute to the literature on the affect recognition and its autonomic correlates among children with SLD. However, dependence on a single-modality for autonomic nervous system reactivity and limited sample size may affect our results and further studies with larger samples employing multiple domains of autonomic reactivity may be needed. Keywords: Affect perception, electrodermal activity, specific learning disability
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