•Analysis of ESV and relationships provide new insight into land use policies.•Influencing factors make obvious effects on ESV spatial distribution.•Regulatory services are synergy with supply ...service in South China.•ESVs in 2035 are increased by sustainability development scenario.•Four ecological function zones contribute to the industrial configuration.
A clear understanding the relation between ecological protection and economic development provides new insight into land use policies. Land use trade-offs and synergies based on ecosystem service value (ESV) is important to regional sustainable development. In this study, we took the South China as an example, assessed the spatial and temporal changes of ecosystem service function over 20 years, and proposed a land use planning in 2035 by socio-ecological constraints and multiyear land use observations. The results showed that ESV acts a downward trend from 2000 to 2020. ESV of water conservation, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and habit quality showed a synergistic relationship with products supply. After the trade-offs and synergies of land use, the ESV in 2035 significantly improved compared with that in 2020. Finally, we proposed 4 ecological function zones land use strategy by considering trade-offs and synergies of ecological protection and economic development in studying areas to regulate the industrial configuration. This planning strategy will maintain steadily increasing of ecosystem service function until 2035, and meantime guarantee the regional ecological security.
In arid and semi-arid regions worldwide, grassland plant species richness is highly sensitive to climate change. Studies assessing local grassland richness patterns have yielded inconsistent trends ...toward climate change, partly due to differences in recording approaches, environmental conditions, and local flora. Remote sensing presents a valuable opportunity to investigate plant richness–climate change relationships in grasslands across large environmental gradients. Based on spectral diversity indices extracted from Landsat satellite imagery, we explore how plant diversity responds to climate change and aim to determine the major climatic drivers of plant diversity patterns in ten grassland nature reserves worldwide. Plot‐level plant richness was correlated with 19 bioclimatic variables through stepwise linear regression for each climate change scenario in every nature reserve. The performance of the models was assessed according to the model accuracy. We used the fitted models between climatic variables and plant richness from 1990 to 2000 to predict plant richness in 2050 and 2070 under 33 climatic change scenarios for 1120 plots in each reserve. A general tendency toward a decrease in the plot-level plant richness and beta (β)-diversity in the future decades were observed in most cases, although there also were some opposite trends in plant richness. The dominant bioclimatic predictors involved in predictive models varied across sites. Spectral plant richness responses diverge geographically, while β-diversity generally declines under climate change scenarios. Over the next decades, the expected homogeneities in plant species across grasslands encountered on different continents will likely lead to the dominance of climate generalist species. Policy-makers and conservationists therefore need to urgently develop strategies to ensure plant survival, particularly that of locally endemic species under predicted climatic scenarios; human assistance may be required when adjusting their distribution ranges.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations are critical for host-tree performance. However, how mycorrhizal associations correlate with the latitudinal tree beta-diversity ...remains untested. Using a global dataset of 45 forest plots representing 2,804,270 trees across 3840 species, we test how AM and EcM trees contribute to total beta-diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of all trees. We find AM rather than EcM trees predominantly contribute to decreasing total beta-diversity and turnover and increasing nestedness with increasing latitude, probably because wide distributions of EcM trees do not generate strong compositional differences among localities. Environmental variables, especially temperature and precipitation, are strongly correlated with beta-diversity patterns for both AM trees and all trees rather than EcM trees. Results support our hypotheses that latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and environmental effects on these patterns are highly dependent on mycorrhizal types. Our findings highlight the importance of AM-dominated forests for conserving global forest biodiversity.
► Using Fe3O4@GO as the sorbent of MSPE. ► The first time using Fe3O4@GO to adsorb trace levels of PCBs in water samples. ► Investigation of Fe3O4@GO’s adsorption characteristics and sorption ...isotherm. ► Establishment of a highly selective and sensitive MSPE–GC–MS analytical method.
In this paper, Fe3O4 nanoparticle (Fe3O4 NPs) grafted graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GO), are successfully synthesized and used for the extraction of 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28) from a large volume of water solution. With the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) technique based on the Fe3O4@GO sorbents, it requires only 30min to extract trace levels of PCB 28 from 200mL water samples. The Fe3O4@GO was analyzed by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), specific surface area analyzer. The adsorption kinetics, adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, and the effect of the solution pH and desorption conditions on the removal efficiency of PCB 28 were investigated. The second-order kinetic equation best describes the sorption kinetics. The results showed that Fe3O4@GO was a suitable material in the pre-concentration and immobilization of PCB 28 from large volumes of aqueous solutions in polychlorinated biphenyl pollution cleaning.
The large-scale distribution patterns of alien invasive plants (AIP) can provide key information and a theoretical basis for management strategies, including the prevention of invasions, the control ...and eradication of established AIPs, and the identification of areas at high risk of invasion. This study aims to quantify distribution patterns of AIP in China, to develop approaches that measure the social, economic, and ecological impacts, and to identify areas that are at higher risk of plant invasion. Based on published literature, there were 384 AIPs in China, representing 233 genera from 66 families. Climatic factors were among the primary factors determining AIPs' overall distribution patterns. The majority of AIPs were tropically distributed in China, meaning that they were mainly restricted to southern China. Temperate-distributed AIPs, those distributed only or predominantly in northern China, were fewer but had higher average rates of spread than tropically distributed AIPs. Average ecological and economic impact per AIP was negatively correlated with AIP richness, meaning that areas with relatively few AIPs nevertheless have some of the most detrimental ones. Our comparative evaluation showed that the risk of invasion differed among regions of China, with high-risk areas in southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong) and central coastal areas of eastern China (Shandong, Hebei, and Jiangsu). In the context of climate change, areas around latitudes of 33° N, including Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu, should be given more attention for the control and prevention of plant invasions. Predictions of high-risk areas for future invasions differed depending on the scale of aggregation and the evaluation index, indicating that invasive risk assessments should be based on multiple factors.
Context
The Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau—also known as the “Three Rivers’ Headwaters”—is the origin of the Yellow, Yangtze, and Mekong Rivers and therefore the key water source ...for hundreds of millions of downstream residents. Protecting this region’s ecosystems is a key priority for sustainable development in China and Asia. An important social dimension of Sanjiangyuan is the long-established and widespread presence of Tibetan Buddhism, particularly as manifested in the large number of monasteries throughout the region. However, the influence of cultural factors on environmental change remains largely understudied here.
Objective
We focus on two types of spatial associations—point-point and point-area features—to quantitatively investigate the effects of Buddhist monasteries on land use/cover change (LUCC) in surrounding landscapes.
Methods
We conduct a spatially-explicit analysis of Sanjiangyuan for two periods, 1990–2000 and 2010–2015, to identify and quantify the influence of the presence and spatial distributions of Buddhist monasteries on LUCC compared to village communities that lack monasteries.
Results
We found that the presence of monasteries is highly correlated with the preservation of natural ecosystems, specifically of grasslands and forests. Within monastery buffer zones with radii between 1 and 10 km, 7.13–9.30% more grassland area and 7.14–7.47% more forest area remained around monasteries compared to villages. This contrast decreased with increasing distance to the monastery/village. Overall, built-up areas were also much smaller around monasteries than around villages, while unused land was more commonly transformed to forests and grasslands around monasteries.
Conclusions
These findings strongly support the idea that Buddhist culture, as manifested through its physical institutions and communities, are instrumental in achieving desired landscape conservation outcomes.
A positive relationship between plant diversity and both abundance and diversity of predatory arthropods is postulated by the Enemies Hypothesis, a central ecological top-down control hypothesis. It ...has been supported by experimental studies and investigations of agricultural and grassland ecosystems, while evidence from more complex mature forest ecosystems is limited. Our study was conducted on Changbai Mountain in one of the last remaining large pristine temperate forest environments in China. We used predatory ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as target taxon to establish the relationship between phytodiversity and their activity abundance and diversity. Results showed that elevation was the only variable included in both models predicting carabid activity abundance and α-diversity. Shrub diversity was negatively and herb diversity positively correlated with beetle abundance, while shrub diversity was positively correlated with beetle α-diversity. Within the different forest types, a negative relationship between plant diversity and carabid activity abundance was observed, which stands in direct contrast to the Enemies Hypothesis. Furthermore, plant species density did not predict carabid α-diversity. In addition, the density of herbs, which is commonly believed to influence carabid movement, had little impact on the beetle activity abundance recorded on Changbai Mountain. Our study indicates that in a relatively large and heterogeneous mature forest area, relationships between plant and carabid diversity are driven by variations in environmental factors linked with altitudinal change. In addition, traditional top-down control theories that are suitable in explaining diversity patterns in ecosystems of low diversity appear to play a much less pronounced role in highly complex forest ecosystems.
Habitat heterogeneity caused by topographic variations at the local scale is the environmental basis for the establishment and evolution of biodiversity and biomass patterns. The similarities and ...distinctions between the effects of microtopographic variables on living wood (LWD) and dead wood (CWD) remain unknown. In the present study, the response mechanisms of biomass and species diversity patterns of living wood (LWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) to microtopographic parameters were quantified in a warm temperate secondary forest located in Dongling Mountain, China. This quantification was achieved using a generalized additive model on a completely mapped 20-hectare permanent plot. The evaluation of biomass and species diversity of woody plants was carried out by utilizing the total basal area of all individuals and the species richness within each 20 m × 20 m quadrat as a standard. The results indicate that there are notable disparities in the influence of microtopographic elements on the LWD and CWD. In the case of LWD, microtopography accounts for 22.90% of the variation in total basal area, with convexity making a greater relative contribution than elevation, slope, and aspect. Additionally, microtopography explains 46.20% of the variation in species richness, with aspect making a greater relative contribution than elevation, convexity, and slope. Nevertheless, the influence of microtopography on CWD may only account for a deviation of 10.20% in the total basal area and 4.95% in the species richness; aspect and slope have been identified as the primary drivers in this regard. The inclusion of microtopographic factors in the model resulted in a 23.10% increase in the explanatory deviations of LWD biomass and an 8.70% increase in the explanatory deviations of CWD biomass. The findings suggest that topographic considerations have a greater impact on the biomass distribution of LWD compared to that of CWD. Conversely, the biomass of CWD is more influenced by the species richness. The presence of microtopography plays a vital role in determining the spatial distribution of species and biomass at local scales, reflecting the multiple response mechanisms and growth strategies of vegetation in response to redistribution in water, soil, and light.
Stocking and structural composition of a deciduous broad-leaved forest were determined to predict coarse woody debris quantity by quantifying the empirical relationships between these two attributes. ...The most ecologically significant families by stem density were Salicaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, and Aceraceae.
Populus davidiana
was the most dominant species followed by
Betula dahurica
,
Quercus mongolica
, and
Acer mono
. The four species accounted for 69.5% of total stems. Numerous small-diameter species characterized the coarse woody debris showing a reversed J-shaped distribution. The coarse debris of
P. davidiana
,
B. dahurica
, and
Q. mongolica
mainly comprised the 10–20 cm size class, whereas
A. mono
debris was mainly in the 5–10 cm size class. The spatial patterns of different size classes of coarse woody debris were analyzed using the g-function to determine the size of the tree at its death. The results indicate that the spatial patterns at the 0–50 m scale shifted gradually from an aggregated to a random pattern. For some species, the larger coarse debris might change from an aggregated to a random distribution more easily. Given the importance of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems, its composition and patterns can improve understanding of community structure and dynamics. The aggregation pattern might be due to density dependence and self-thinning effects, as well as by succession and mortality. The four dominant species across the different size classes showed distinct aggregated distribution features at different spatial scales. This suggests a correlation between the dominant species population, size class, and aggregated distribution of coarse woody debris.
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