Aim
The aim of the study was to develop and implement a protocol for the prevention and treatment of catheter related intraluminal thrombosis in a paediatric intensive care unit
Methods
A ...computerised search was carried out on MEDLINE, through PubMed, using the medical subject heading ‘central venous catheter’, ‘central venous access device’, ‘central venous line’ associated with ‘occlusion’, ‘obstruction’, ‘catheter‐related thrombosis’, ‘critically ill patients’ and ‘thrombolytic therapy’. References of reviewed articles were also searched for relevant titles as well as non‐randomised controlled trials and series of cases when no information of higher level of evidence was available.
Results
With the information gathered, a protocol for the prevention and treatment of catheter related intraluminal thrombosis was elaborated and those recommendations that best suit our environment were included. They were agreed upon by a broad panel of professionals working in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and the Pharmacy Department.
Conclusions
Due to the variety of options available for the pharmacotherapeutic management of intraluminal catheter thrombosis, one measure to improve the quality of the therapy and to diminish the variability in the prescription could be the implementation of a protocol as described in this paper.
Up to 30% of patients with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) do not respond to anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (anti-TNF) therapy. The aim of this study was to identify pharmacogenomic markers ...that predict early response to anti-TNF drugs in pediatric patients with IBD.
An observational, longitudinal, prospective cohort study was conducted. The study population comprised 38 patients with IBD aged < 18 years who started treatment with infliximab or adalimumab (29 responders and nine non-responders). Whole gene expression profiles from total RNA isolated from whole blood samples of six responders and six non-responders taken before administration of the biologic and after two weeks of therapy were analyzed using next-generation RNA sequencing. The expression of six selected genes was measured for purposes of validation in all of the 38 patients recruited using qPCR.
Genes were differentially expressed in non-responders and responders (32 before initiation of treatment and 44 after two weeks, Log2FC (Fold change) >0.6 or <-0.6 and
value < 0.05). After validation,
,
, and
were overexpressed in non-responders two weeks after initiation of anti-TNF treatment (Log2FC 1.05, 1.21, and 1.08, respectively,
value < 0.05).
Expression of the
,
, and
genes is a pharmacogenomic biomarker of early response to anti-TNF agents in pediatric IBD.
The therapeutic management of catheter-related thromboembolic events in children is still a challenge due to the large number of potentially effective pharmacological alternatives and the ...insufficient scientific evidence available. A bibliographic review was performed in order to identify the available pharmacological alternatives for the prophylaxis and therapeutic management of catheter-related thrombosis in children.
A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE using the medical subject heading (MeSH) central venous catheter thrombosis and on Google Scholar. The search was limited to review papers, meta-analyses, clinical practice guidelines, and randomized controlled trials performed on pediatric populations until November 2011.
The different options for anticoagulation include unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists. Thrombus resolution is stimulated more rapidly with thrombolytic agents than with anticoagulants, but the risk-benefit ratio must be considered. Streptokinase is not considered an optimal alternative due to the risk of anaphylactic reactions and has been replaced by urokinase, alteplase or the newer reteplase. Preventive strategies have been considered and most centers have protocols for routine flushing of the catheter with heparin or normal saline. Intraluminal application of urokinase and alteplase has also been studied.
The wide range of options available for the pharmacotherapeutic management of catheter-related thromboembolism in children and the lack of strong evidence on the comparative efficacy and safety of the different therapeutic options, make its positioning rather difficult. Randomized controlled trials and national plans should be set up urgently.
Background and objective
The main objective was to evaluate the impact of Hepatitis C Virus treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents on tacrolimus blood levels in recipients of kidney and heart ...allografts.
Method
We analysed Hepatitis C Virus infected adult patients who received tacrolimus as immunosuppressive maintenance therapy and received direct-acting antiviral agents treatment in a tertiary hospital with solid transplant multidisciplinary program in Madrid, Spain. Liver and renal function, tacrolimus dose and blood levels were analysed before and 12 weeks after the end of treatment.
Results
We identified 7 kidney and 2 heart transplant recipients. All patients achieved sustained virologic response at 24 weeks. At week 12 after treatment, all liver functionality tests improved significantly with no significant changes in renal function. A decrease in the tacrolimus blood level/dose ratio for every patient was observed (370.04 ± 253.93 vs. 186.44 ± 123.74 ng/mL per mg/kg;
p
< 0.05). The requirements of tacrolimus dose increased after Hepatitis C Virus treatment (0.03 ± 0.04 vs. 0.04 ± 0.03 mg/kg/day,
p
< 0.05) to reach lower blood levels than before treatment (6 ± 2.25 vs. 4.67 ± 1.51 ng/mL,
p
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Caution is advised to clinicians; close monitoring of tacrolimus levels after direct-acting antiviral agents is recommended in order to avoid infradosification that could pose a risk of graft rejection.
Aggressive parenteral nutrition and growth velocity in preterm infants Ribed Sánchez, Almudena; Romero Jiménez, Rosa Ma; Sánchez Gómez de Orgaz, Ma Carmen ...
Nutrición hospitalaria : organo oficial de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral,
12/2013, Volume:
28, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Open access
Parenteral administration of nutrients to sustain newborns' growth represents an important therapeutic challenge.
To describe parenteral nutrition (PN) practices in a tertiary hospital and evaluate ...postnatal growth in preterm infants.
Observational retrospective study over 3 months. Data on infants born or admitted to the Neonatal Department and starting PN were collected. Demographics, anthropometric data, daily caloric, protein intake data and PN components used were collected. Growth velocity was characterized by the average daily weight gain and compared to intrauterine growth.
68 preterm infants started PN during the study period. Most infants (65%) were born by caesarean and mean gestational age was 33 weeks. Twenty five percent of newborns did not regain birth weight. The remaining 75% regained birth weight on the 3rd day of PN and average daily weight gain was 16 g/kg/d, ranging between 12 and 22 g/kg/d. Although weight gain approximated intrauterine rate, most infants born <30 weeks gestation did not achieve median birth weight of the reference population. Early aggressive PN was administered with an average of 3, 11 and 3 g/Kg/d of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids respectively, reaching a maximum on the 4th day of 4, 18, 4 g/kg/d, respectively.
Aggressive PN is used in the hospital setting. The preterm infants reached birth weight earlier and had a greater velocity of growth than in other clinical trials and similar to intrauterine.
The Th17 immune response plays a key role in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of Th17-related genes in inflamed tissues has been ...reported in autoimmune diseases. However, values are frequently obtained using invasive methods. We aimed to identify biomarkers of MS in an accessible sample, such as blood, by quantifying the relative expression of 91 Th17-related genes in CD4+ T lymphocytes from patients with MS during a relapse or during a remitting phase. We also compared our findings with those of healthy controls. After confirmation in a validation cohort, expression of
and
mRNAs was decreased in remitting disease (-2.3-fold and -1.3-fold, respectively) and relapsing disease (-2.2-fold and -1.3-fold, respectively). No differential expression was observed for other SMAD7-related genes, namely,
,
, and
. Under-regulation of
and
was also observed in another autoimmune disease, Crohn's disease (CD) (-4.6-fold, -1.6-fold, respectively), suggesting the presence of common markers for autoimmune diseases. In addition, expression of
, and
were also decreased in CD (-2.2-fold, -1.4-fold, -1.6-fold, and -1.6-fold, respectively). Our study suggests that expression of
and
mRNA in blood samples are markers for MS and CD, and
, and
for CD. These genes could prove useful as markers of autoimmune diseases, thus obviating the need for invasive methods.
Pain management committee established a pain performance improvement plan in 2012.
The aim of the study was to assess the trends in analgesic consumption in a tertiary teaching hospital and the ...associated economic impact.
A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted between 2011 and 2015. The analysis included: anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products non-steroids, opioid analgesics and other analgesics and antipyretics. Data are converted into DDD/100 bed-days to analyze consumption trends. Main outcome measure: assessment of the analgesic consumption after the implementation of a pain performance improvement plan.
Overall, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products consumption decreased in 24.8 DDD/100 bed-days (−28.3%), accounting for most of the total analgesic consumption decrease (−13%) and total cost (−44.3%). Opioid consumption increased markedly from 22.3 DDD/100 bed-days in 2011 to 26.5 DDD/100 bed-days in 2015 (+18.9%). In 2011, the most consumed opioid was morphine (8.6 DDD/100 bed-days). However, there was an increasing trend in fentanyl consumption (from 8.1 to 12.1 DDD/100 bed-days in 2015), which resulted in fentanyl replacing morphine from the most consumed opioid in 2015 (12.1 DDD/100 bed-days). In 2015, the group of other analgesics and antipyretics represented 46.2% of the total analgesic consumption. Acetaminophen was the most commonly consumed analgesic drug (53.2 DDD/100 bed-days in 2015) and had the highest total cost, it represented 55.4% of the overall cost in 2015.
Opioid consumption showed an increasing trend during the 5 year period, with fentanyl replacing morphine as the most used opioid. In general, analgesics diminished use was due to the decreasing trend of consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products.
A Comissão para o Manejo da Dor estabeleceu um plano de melhoria no controle da dor em 2012.
Avaliar as tendências do consumo de analgésicos em um hospital de ensino terciário e o impacto econômico associado.
Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado entre 2011 e 2015. A análise incluiu: produtos anti-inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides, analgésicos opioides e outros analgésicos e antipiréticos. Os dados foram convertidos em DDD/100 leitos-dia para analisar as tendências de consumo. Principal medida do desfecho: Avaliação do consumo de analgésicos após o estabelecimento de um plano de melhoria no controle da dor.
O consumo total de produtos anti-inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides diminuiu em 24,8 DDD/100 leitos-dia (−28,3%), representando a maior parte da redução total do consumo de analgésicos (−13%) e o custo total (−44,3%). O consumo global de opioides aumentou acentuadamente de 22,3 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2011 para 26,5 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2015 (+18,9%). Em 2011, o opioide mais consumido foi a morfina (8,6 DDD/100 leitos-dia). No entanto, houve uma tendência crescente no consumo de fentanil (de 8,1 para 12,1 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2015), o que resultou na substituição de morfina por fentanil como o opioide mais consumido em 2015 (12,1 DDD/100 leitos-dia). Em 2015, o grupo dos outros analgésicos e antipiréticos representou 46,2% do consumo total de analgésicos. Acetaminofeno foi o analgésico mais consumido (53,2 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2015) e teve o maior custo total, representou 55,4% do custo total em 2015.
O consumo de opioides mostrou uma tendência crescente durante o período de cinco anos, fentanil substituiu morfina como o opioide mais usado. Em geral, o uso diminuído de analgésicos foi devido à tendência decrescente do consumo de produtos anti-inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides.
PURPOSEThe impact of smart infusion pumps on the interception of errors in the programming of i.v. drug administrations on a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is investigated.
METHODSA prospective ...observational intervention study was conducted in the PICU of a hospital in Madrid, Spain, to estimate the patient safety benefits resulting from the implementation of smart pump technology (Alaris System, CareFusion, San Diego, CA). A systematic analysis of data stored by the devices during the designated study period (January 2010–June 2011) was conducted using the system software (Guardrails CQI Event Reporter, CareFusion). The severity of intercepted errors was independently classified by a group of four clinical pharmacists and a group of four intensive care pediatricians; analyses of intragroup and intergroup agreement in perceptions of severity were performed.
RESULTSDuring the 17-month study period, the overall rate of user compliance with the safety software was 78%. The use of smart pump technology resulted in the interception of 92 programming errors, 84% of which involved analgesics, antiinfectives, inotropes, and sedatives. About 97% of the errors resulted from user programming of doses or infusion rates above the hard limits defined in the smart pump drug library. The potential consequences of the intercepted errors were considered to be of moderate, serious, or catastrophic severity in 49% of cases.
CONCLUSIONThe use of smart pumps in a PICU improved patient safety by enabling the interception of infusion programming errors that posed the potential for severe injury to pediatric patients.
Objectives: The level of environmental contamination generated during preparation and administration of hazardous drugs using different valve closed-systems and their combinations was compared. The ...actual impact on the overall time of preparation of cytostatics and the economic cost of the different modalities were also compared.
Comparative study of the preparation of fluorescein mixtures with different modalities of valve closed-system combinations. Environmental contamination was detected in critical points of connection, and in splashes produced at any other points. The main variable was qualitative detection of contamination by splashes through ultraviolet light when modalities with or without a connector were compared. A final number of 160 mixtures were prepared to detect differences of at least 5%.
Splashes were produced in 7 preparations without a connector (p = 0.015). No significant differences (p = 0.445) were detected either in the use of a supporting vial spike vs an anchoring spike, or in the ChemoCLAVE® system vs valve systems with Fleboflex® solutions. Contamination at any critical point was produced in all preparations. The use of a supporting vial spike, syringe connector and bag solution with Luer connection was the most efficient modality.
A syringe connector is needed to guarantee a closed system. Anchoring spikes do not show higher advantages as compared with supporting vial spikes. Fleboflex® solutions with Luer bags are more efficient than ChemoCLAVE® and show similar safety. However, connections of these closed systems are not leak-tight, and it is therefore important to continue studies of contamination of the different closed system transfer devices.
Comparar la contaminación generada durante la elaboración y administración de fármacos peligrosos con diferentes componentes de sistemas cerrados y de manera secundaria, seleccionar el sistema más eficiente.
Estudio comparativo de elaboración de mezclas de fluoresceína con diferentes combinaciones de sistemas cerrados de tipo valvular. Se consideró contaminación ambiental la detectada en los puntos críticos de conexión y las salpicaduras generadas en cualquier otro punto distinto.
La variable principal fue la detección cualitativa mediante luz ultravioleta de contaminación por salpicaduras al comparar las modalidades con y sin conector. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 160 preparaciones por modalidad, para detectar diferencias de al menos un 5%.
Se produjeron salpicaduras en 7 preparaciones, todas sin conector (p = 0,015). No se encontraron diferencias entre utilizar punzón de apoyo o de anclaje (p = 0,445), ni entre el sistema ChemoCLAVE® vs sistema valvular con sueros Fleboflex®. En todas las preparaciones se produjo contaminación en algún punto crítico. La utilización de punzones de apoyo, conectores y sueros luer se ha identificado como la modalidad más eficiente.
Es importante utilizar el conector de jeringa para que el sistema sea completamente cerrado. El uso de punzones de anclaje no parece presentar ventajas frente a los de apoyo y la combinación con los sueros Fleboflex® presenta una seguridad similar al sistema ChemoCLAVE®. Sin embargo, las conexiones de estos sistemas no son secas y, por tanto, es importante continuar con estudios de contaminación que comparen diferentes sistemas.
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