Short-term administration of
CP2305 improves stress-associated symptoms and clinical symptoms in healthy young adults and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. We evaluated the ...efficacy and health benefits of the long-term use of a tablet containing heat-inactivated, washed
CP2305 (CP2305) in healthy young adults. Sixty Japanese medical students (41 men and 19 women) preparing for the national examination for medical practitioners ingested CP2305-containing or placebo tablets once daily for 24 weeks. Intake of the CP2305 tablet significantly reduced anxiety and sleep disturbance relative to placebo, as quantitated by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Single-channel sleep electroencephalograms show that CP2305 significantly shortened sleep latency and wake time after sleep onset and increased the delta power ratio in the first sleep cycle. CP2305 also significantly lowered salivary chromogranin A levels compared with placebo. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of participant feces demonstrated that CP2305 administration attenuated the stress-induced decline of
spp. and the stress-induced elevation of
spp. We conclude that the long-term use of CP2305-containing tablets may improve the mental state, sleep quality, and gut microbiota of healthy adults under stressful conditions.
This work reports the novel reactivity of hemiaminal as a precursor for indole editing at the multi‐site. The HFIP‐promoted indole editing of indoline hemiaminals affords 2‐arylindoles through a ...ring‐switch sequence. The key to success of this transformation is to use a cyclic hemiaminal as an α‐amino aldehyde surrogate under transient tautomeric control. This transformation features mild reaction conditions and good yields with broad functional group tolerance. The utility of this transformation is presented through the one‐pot protocol and the synthesis of isocryptolepine.
Indole multi‐site editing!! Unprecedented indole multi‐site editing was accomplished by a unique ring‐switch reaction of hemiaminals.
The kinetics of the dissolution and swelling of different cellulose fibers in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMOAc) was studied by varying solvent power and temperature. ...Natural fiber, flax, and man-made fibers, Cordenka and Lyocell-type (Ioncell) were used with one Ioncell fiber containing lignin and hemicelluloses. Through the addition of water, the solvent power was modified from very good (neat ionic liquid), to moderate (with 5 wt% water) and weak (15 wt% water). The temperature was varied to correlate the fiber dissolution rate with the solvent viscosity. All fibers were characterized by chemical composition, crystallinity, molecular weight distribution and dynamic vapor sorption. It was demonstrated that while the rate of fiber dissolution in neat ionic liquid depends on fiber accessibility and solvent viscosity, the water-induced decreased solvent power dominates the general fiber behavior. Flax appeared to be the most “sensitive” to the solvent power due to its hierarchical structure. The fastest dissolution or swelling was recorded for Ioncell and the slowest for Cordenka.
Graphic abstract
Determining the shape of plant cellulose microfibrils is critical for understanding plant cell wall molecular architecture and conversion of cellulose into biofuels. Only recently has it been ...determined that these cellulose microfibrils are composed of 18 cellulose chains rather than 36 polymers arranged in a diamond-shaped pattern. This study uses density functional theory calculations to model three possible habits for the 18-chain microfibril and compares the calculated energies, structures,
C NMR chemical shifts and WAXS diffractograms of each to evaluate which shape is most probable. Each model is capable of reproducing experimentally-observed data to some extent, but based on relative theoretical energies and reasonable reproduction of all variables considered, a microfibril based on 5 layers in a 34443 arrangement is predicted to be the most probable. A habit based on a 234432 arrangement is slightly less favored, and a 6 × 3 arrangement is considered improbable.
The production of sustainable and high-performance fabrics requires high mechanical strength of the individual (staple) fibers. Although Ioncell fibers already exhibit higher fiber strength than ...commercial man-made cellulose fibers or cotton fibers, we further aimed to increase both strength and toughness to gradually approach synthetic fibers in these properties. Decisive factors for the achievable mechanical properties of the fibers were the pulp purity, the cellulose concentration in the spinning solution and length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of the cylindrical part of the spinneret. The absence of low molecular weight fractions in combination with an increased average molecular weight had the highest impact on the achievement of both high strength and toughness. Using a spinneret with a high L/D ratio, it was possible to spin Ioncell fibers with a tensile strength of 925 MPa (61.5 cN/tex) and a modulus of toughness of 83.3 MPa (55.5 J/g). According to a fluid dynamic simulation, uniformly longer molecular cellulose chains in combination with a longer cylindrical capillary promoted an effective alignment of the cellulose molecules inside the spinneret capillary before entering the airgap, thus creating the conditions for a simultaneous increase in tensile strength and elongation
i.e.
toughness of the fiber. Mechanistically, high fiber toughness is caused by the structural parameters in longitudinal direction, in particular by a higher tilt angle, a longer periodicity of the lamellar plane and lower micro void orientation. In summary, we have developed lyocell-type fibers with high strength and toughness, which can potentially be used as a surrogate for synthetic fibers.
Graphic abstract
CP2305 (CP2305) is a paraprobiotic that exhibits beneficial effects on the intestinal function and microbiota, and increases resistance to psychological stress. The stress response mechanism mainly ...involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is influenced by the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, the gut-brain axis also communicates bidirectionally with the intestinal microbiota. Additionally, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes share a common route that affects both mental and health aspects in women. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial aimed to analyze the influence of the intake of CP2305 on mild symptoms associated with menopause. Eighty women aged 40-60 years ingested CP2305 or placebo tablets for six consecutive menstrual cycles. Assessment was based on the observation of climacteric symptoms with two validated questionnaires-the Simplified Menopausal Index (SMI) and the Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS). The results showed that CP2305 provided significant relief in the SMI total score, SMI vasomotor score, SMI psychological score, GCS total score, GCS somatic score, and GCS vasomotor score compared to the placebo. The percentage of women with symptom relief for the SMI total score was 75.0%, with 30 of 40 women in the CP2305 group, and 55.0%, with 22 of 40 women in the placebo group (
= 0.0594). These findings provide new insights into the function of paraprobiotic CP2305 in relieving mild climacteric symptoms in women.
Lyocell fibers have received increased attention during the recent years. This is due to their high potential to satisfy the rising market demand for cellulose-based textiles in a sustainable way. ...Typically, this technology adopts a dry-jet wet spinning process, which offers regenerated cellulose fibers of excellent mechanical properties. Compared to the widely exploited viscose process, the lyocell technology fosters an eco-friendly process employing green direct solvents that can be fully recovered with low environmental impact.
N
-methylmorpholine
N
-oxide (NMMO) is a widely known direct solvent that has proven its success in commercializing the lyocell process. Its regenerated cellulose fibers exhibit higher tenacities and chain orientation compared to viscose fibers. Recently, protic superbase-based ionic liquids (ILs) have also been found to be suitable solvents for lyocell-type fiber spinning. Similar to NMMO, fibers of high mechanical properties can be spun from the cellulose-IL solutions at lower spinning temperatures. In this article, we study the different aspects of producing regenerated cellulose fibers using NMMO and relevant superbase-based ILs. The selected ILs are 1,5-diazabicyclo4.3.0non-5-ene-1-ium acetate (DBNHOAc), 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo4.4.0 dec-5-enium acetate (mTBDHOAc) and 1,8-diazabicyclo5.4.0undec-7-enium acetate (DBUHOAc). All ILs were used to dissolve a 13 wt% (PHK) cellulose pulp. The study covers the fiber spinning process, including the rheological characterization of the various cellulose solutions. Moreover, we discuss the properties of the produced fibers such as mechanical performance, macromolecular properties and morphology.
Graphic abstract
The chemical recycling of hemp fabric into high-tenacity man-made cellulose fibers was demonstrated. The fabric was laundered 25 and 50 times to mimic the wear cycles of post-consumer textile waste. ...Despite the launderings, the molar mass of the material was still too high for recycling via dry-jet-wet spinning. Thus, the fabrics were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to adjust the intrinsic viscosity to the targeted level of 400–500 ml/g. The acid hydrolyzed sample was dissolved in 1,5-diazabicyclo4.3.0non-5-enium acetate and man-made cellulose fibers were regenerated by dry-jet-wet spinning. The properties of hemp and regenerated fibers were determined by tensile testing, birefringence measurements, and X-ray diffraction. Regenerated fibers were spun into yarn and knitted into a fabric. The tensile properties of the yarn and the abrasion and pilling resistance of the fabric were determined. Regenerated fibers showed a higher modulus of toughness (55.9 MPa) compared with hemp fibers (28.7 MPa). The fineness and staple length uniformity of regenerated fibers resulted in a high yarn structure evenness, a yarn tenacity of 28.1 cN/tex, and an elongation at break of 7.5%. Due to the even fabric structure, the fabric from regenerated fibers showed higher abrasion resistance than the hemp fabric.
Naturally occurring plant cellulose, our most abundant renewable resource, consists of fibers of long polymer chains that are tightly packed in parallel arrays in either of two crystal phases ...collectively referred to as cellulose I. During mercerization, a process that involves treatment with sodium hydroxide, cellulose goes through a conversion to another crystal form called cellulose II, within which every other chain has remarkably changed direction. We designed a neutron diffraction experiment with deuterium labelling in order to understand how this change of cellulose chain direction is possible. Here we show that during mercerization of bacterial cellulose, chains fold back on themselves in a zigzag pattern to form crystalline anti-parallel domains. This result provides a molecular level understanding of one of the most widely used industrial processes for improving cellulosic materials.
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