Objective
Despite established comorbidity between anxiety and disordered eating (DE), and a plethora of research using various methodologies to examine this overlap, use of twin modeling to expose ...whether a shared genetic liability underpins these conditions remains rare.
Method
Data from a longitudinal sample of female twins were selected: measures of risk for DE from Wave 1 (N = 699, 351 pairs, aged 12–15 years), and the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Children's Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) from Wave 2 (N = 669, 338 pairs, aged 16–19 years). At this time, they also completed Children's Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI). Bivariate Cholesky decomposition models adjusting for age and body mass index centile investigated the covariance structure between the CASI and EDE.
Results
Modeling both genetic and nonshared environmental influences parsimoniously fit these data. All paths were significant. Additive genetic influences were notable for CASI and EDE phenotypes; 14% of the heritable variance was contributed by CASI to the expression of EDE. There was also a smaller but significant contribution of nonshared environmental influences. A multinomial logistic regression indicated body dissatisfaction (RRR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.07–2.18) differentiated groups with highest EDE scores from the highest CASI scores.
Discussion
Shared genetic and environmental influences appear to underpin the relationship, and potentially the observed comorbidity, between anxiety sensitivity and DE. The age of onset is typically earlier for anxiety than DE, suggesting a significant opportunity for early intervention work to reduce the likelihood of subsequent development of DE.
We invert for the time‐dependent slip history of slow slip events on the Cascadia subduction zone using GPS data from 1998 to 2008. The 16 slip transients have sufficient station coverage to solve ...for the slip distribution on the plate interface. GPS time series are inverted for fault slip using the Extended Network Inversion Filter. Limited station coverage south of Portland (45.5°N latitude) restricts our analysis to events on the northern half of the subduction zone. Slip is resolved at the base of the seismogenic zone and the slip distributions suggest a potential segment boundary near Seattle (47.6°N) that correlates roughly with geologic and tectonic boundaries. Events that initiate to the north and south tend to overlap at about this latitude. We compile statistics on source parameters, such as propagation rate, recurrence interval, and stress drop, which can be used to constrain proposed models of the source mechanics. Over a 10 year period, total strain release from slow slip events is nonuniform along strike with the greatest cumulative slip (27 cm) centered beneath Port Angeles (48.1°N). This slip patch also exhibits the most regular recurrence of Mw ∼6 events relative to other locations along strike. The spatial extent of the slip patch beneath Port Angeles correlates with the along‐strike bend of the Cascadia subduction zone in northwestern Washington, suggesting that plate geometry plays an important role in controlling the along‐strike characteristics of slow slip.
Southern Ocean surface cooling and Antarctic sea ice expansion from 1979 through 2015 have been linked both to changing atmospheric circulation and melting of Antarctica's grounded ice and ice ...shelves. However, climate models have largely been unable to reproduce this behavior. Here we examine the contribution of observed wind variability and Antarctic meltwater to Southern Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) and Antarctic sea ice. The free‐running, CMIP6‐class GISS‐E2.1‐G climate model can simulate regional cooling and neutral sea ice trends due to internal variability, but they are unlikely. Constraining the model to observed winds and meltwater fluxes from 1990 through 2021 gives SST variability and trends consistent with observations. Meltwater and winds contribute a similar amount to the SST trend, and winds contribute more to the sea ice trend than meltwater. However, while the constrained model captures much of the observed sea ice variability, it only partially captures the post‐2015 sea ice reduction.
Plain Language Summary
While most of the globe has warmed in recent decades, the Southern Ocean around Antarctica cooled at the surface and its sea ice expanded from the beginning of satellite observations in 1979 through 2015. This unexpected behavior has been linked to changes in winds and to the addition of cold, fresh water from the melting of Antarctic's ice sheet and ice shelves. However, the importance of these two potential drivers has been unclear, partly because global climate models have often struggled to reproduce the observed changes. Here, we modify a climate model, constraining it to simulate observed winds and adding in realistic amounts of meltwater. With these changes, the model can simulate changes in SST and sea ice that are similar to observations. Winds and meltwater both play an important role. However, they cannot fully explain the large Antarctic sea ice reductions that were observed after 2015, suggesting that other factors may be at play.
Key Points
We nudge winds to observations and add estimates of observed freshwater from ice sheet and ice shelf melt in a coupled climate model
Southern Ocean sea surface temperature trends and variability better match observations, with both winds and meltwater being important
The constrained model simulates strong Antarctic sea ice expansion and only partially captures recent sea ice lows
Clinical research is on the threshold of a new era in which electronic health records (EHRs) are gaining an important novel supporting role. Whilst EHRs used for routine clinical care have some ...limitations at present, as discussed in this review, new improved systems and emerging research infrastructures are being developed to ensure that EHRs can be used for secondary purposes such as clinical research, including the design and execution of clinical trials for new medicines. EHR systems should be able to exchange information through the use of recently published international standards for their interoperability and clinically validated information structures (such as archetypes and international health terminologies), to ensure consistent and more complete recording and sharing of data for various patient groups. Such systems will counteract the obstacles of differing clinical languages and styles of documentation as well as the recognized incompleteness of routine records. Here, we discuss some of the legal and ethical concerns of clinical research data reuse and technical security measures that can enable such research while protecting privacy. In the emerging research landscape, cooperation infrastructures are being built where research projects can utilize the availability of patient data from federated EHR systems from many different sites, as well as in international multilingual settings. Amongst several initiatives described, the EHR4CR project offers a promising method for clinical research. One of the first achievements of this project was the development of a protocol feasibility prototype which is used for finding patients eligible for clinical trials from multiple sources.
A radical-mediated approach to metal-free alkene oxyamination is described. This method capitalizes on the unique reactivity of the amidoxyl radical in alkene additions to furnish a general ...difunctionalization using simple diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) as a radical trap. This protocol capitalizes on the intramolecular nature of the process, providing single regioisomers in all cases. Difunctionalizations of cyclic alkenes provide trans oxyamination products inaccessible using current methods with high levels of stereoselectivity, complementing cis-selective oxyamination processes.
Retinal vessel alterations have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors and physical inactivity as early as childhood. In this context, the analysis of physical activity in ...children has solely been based on questionnaire assessments. The study aimed to examine the association of physical fitness performance and self‐reported physical activity with retinal vessel diameters in young children. Three hundred ninety‐one primary schoolchildren 7.3 years (SD 0.4) were examined in this cross‐sectional study. The primary outcome was endurance performance measured with the 20‐m shuttle run. The additional tests consisted of a 20‐m sprint, jumping sidewards and balancing backwards. Retinal microcirculation was assessed using a static retinal vessel analyzer. Parents completed questionnaires about physical and sedentary activities. Endurance performance was associated with narrower retinal venular diameters −0.9 (95%CI: −1.8; −0.1) measuring units (mu)/ unit shuttle run, P = 0.04 and a higher arteriolar to venular ratio 0.003 (−0.001; 0.006)/unit shuttle run, P = 0.06. The sprint performance was associated with narrower retinal arterioles 4.7 (0.8; 8.6) mu/unit sprint, P = 0.02. Indoor playing activity correlated with narrower retinal venules −0.04 (−0.07; −0.01) mu/per unit, P = 0.02. Our data suggest that objectively measured endurance performance relates with better retinal vessel health in early childhood.
A
bstract
The axion-like particle (ALP) may induce flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) when the fermions’ Peccei-Quinn charges are not generation universal. The search for flavor-violating ALP ...couplings with a bottom quark so far focused on FCNC processes of
B
mesons at low energies. The recent measurements of
B → K
+
X
rare decays place stringent bounds on the quark flavor violations of a light ALP in different decay modes. In this work we propose a novel direct search for bottom flavor-violating interaction of a heavy ALP at the LHC and its upgrades, namely QCD production of an ALP associated with one
b
jet and one light jet
p p → b j a
. We consider the decay of the ALP to photons, muons and invisible ALP decays. The Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) algorithm is used to analyze the events and we train the BDT classifier by feeding in the kinematic observables of signal and backgrounds. Finally, we show the complementarity between the search prospects of hadron colliders and the low-energy
B
meson constraints from
B
meson mixing and
B
meson decays to a light ALP.
Ample physical evidence shows that carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the single most important climate-relevant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. This is because CO₂, like ozone, N₂O, CH₄, and ...chlorofluorocarbons, does not condense and precipitate from the atmosphere at current climate temperatures, whereas water vapor can and does. Noncondensing greenhouse gases, which account for 25% of the total terrestrial greenhouse effect, thus serve to provide the stable temperature structure that sustains the current levels of atmospheric water vapor and clouds via feedback processes that account for the remaining 75% of the greenhouse effect. Without the radiative forcing supplied by CO₂ and the other noncondensing greenhouse gases, the terrestrial greenhouse would collapse, plunging the global climate into an icebound Earth state.
Due to a worldwide increased use of pharmaceuticals and, in particular, antibiotics, a growing number of these substance residues now contaminate natural water resources and drinking supplies. This ...triggers a considerable demand for low-cost, high-sensitivity methods for monitoring water quality. Since many biological substances exhibit strong and characteristic absorption features at wavelengths shorter than 300 nm, UV spectroscopy presents a suitable approach for the quantitative identification of such water-contaminating species. However, current UV spectroscopic devices often show limited light-matter interaction lengths, demand sophisticated and bulky experimental infrastructure which is not compatible with microfluidics, and leave large fractions of the sample analyte unused. Here, we introduce the concept of UV spectroscopy in liquid-filled anti-resonant hollow core fibers, with large core diameters and lengths of approximately 1 m, as a means to overcome such limitations. This extended light-matter interaction length principally improves the concentration detection limit by two orders of magnitude while using almost the entire sample volume-that is three orders of magnitude smaller compared to cuvette based approaches. By integrating the fibers into an optofluidic chip environment and operating within the lowest experimentally feasible transmission band, concentrations of the application-relevant pharmaceutical substances, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sodium salicylate (SS), were detectable down to 0.1 µM (26 ppb) and 0.4 µM (64 ppb), respectively, with the potential to reach significantly lower detection limits for further device integration.
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