Trigonelline is a bioactive pyridine alkaloid that occurs naturally in high concentrations in coffee (up to 7.2 g/kg) and coffee by-products (up to 62.6 g/kg) such as coffee leaves, flowers, cherry ...husks or pulp, parchment, silver skin, and spent grounds. In the past, coffee by-products were mostly considered waste and discarded. In recent years, however, the use of coffee by-products as food has attracted interest because of their economic and nutritional value and the environmental benefits of sustainable resource use. Their authorization as so-called novel foods in the European Union may lead to increased oral exposure of the general population to trigonelline. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the risk to human health of acute and chronic exposure to trigonelline from coffee and coffee by-products. An electronic literature search was performed. Current toxicological knowledge is limited, with few human data available and a lack of epidemiological and clinical studies. There was no evidence of adverse effects after acute exposure. No conclusion can be drawn on chronic exposure to isolated trigonelline due to the lack of data. However, trigonelline ingested as a component of coffee and coffee by-products appears to be safe for human health, based on the safe traditional use of these products.
Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids are naturally occurring antioxidant dietary polyphenolic compounds found in high concentrations in plants, fruits, vegetables, coffee, and coffee by-products. The ...objective of this review was to assess the potential health risks associated with the oral consumption of coffee by-products containing chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, considering both acute and chronic exposure. An electronic literature search was conducted, revealing that 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) are the major chlorogenic acids found in coffee by-products. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical data from animal and human studies were available for the assessment, which indicated no significant evidence of toxic or adverse effects following acute oral exposure. The current state of knowledge suggests that long-term exposure to chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids by daily consumption does not appear to pose a risk to human health when observed at doses within the normal range of dietary exposure. As a result, the intake of CQAs from coffee by-products can be considered reasonably safe.
Coffee bean harvesting incurs various by-products known for their long traditional use. However, they often still end up being a waste instead of being used to their full potential. On the European ...market, coffee cherry (cascara) products are not yet common, and a novel food approval for beverages made from coffee cherry pulp was issued only recently. In this article, exposure and risk assessment of various products such as juice, jam, jelly, puree, and flour made from coffee cherry pulp and husk are reviewed. Since caffeine in particular, as a bioactive ingredient, is considered a limiting factor, safe intake will be derived for different age groups, showing that even adolescents could consume limited quantities without adverse health effects. Moreover, the composition can be influenced by harvesting methods and processing steps. Most interestingly, dried and powdered coffee cherry can substitute the flour in bakery products by up to 15% without losing baking properties and sensory qualities. In particular, this use as a partial flour substitute is a possible approach to counteract rising grain prices, transport costs, and disrupted supply chains, which are caused by the Russia-Ukraine war and changing climatic conditions. Thus, the supply of affordable staple foods could be partially ensured for the inhabitants of countries that depend on imported wheat and cultivate coffee locally by harvesting both beans and by-products.
Roasted coffee silver skin is a coffee by-product, the uses of which are currently limited, e.g., as fertilizer, for energy production, or animal feed. Due to a low content of fat and carbohydrates ...combined with a high content of fiber, polyphenols and proteins, roasted silver skin is a valuable possible food ingredient. Potential applications include partial flour replacement in bakery products, as antioxidant and providing protein or fiber sources in sports or functional foods. As no relevant consumption of isolated silver skin occurred before 1997 in the European Union (EU), it was classified as a novel food in need of premarketing approval. Novel food applications must meet legal requirements for compositional and toxicological information. This review presents information on silver skin composition and toxicological studies. Several in vitro studies and subchronic in vivo studies are available with negative results, not suggesting a need for further studies on carcinogenic effects, reproduction, or chronic toxicity. All available studies so far concluded that no toxic effects of silver skin were found or are to be expected. For a novel food application in the EU, further in vitro studies on mutagenic potential may be needed to close a formal data gap.
The coffee plant
spp. offers much more than the well-known drink made from the roasted coffee bean. During its cultivation and production, a wide variety of by-products are accrued, most of which are ...currently unused, thermally recycled, or used as animal feed. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of novel coffee products in the food sector and their current legal classification in the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we have reviewed the literature on the composition and safety of coffee flowers, leaves, pulp, husk, parchment, green coffee, silver skin, and spent coffee grounds. Some of these products have a history of consumption in Europe (green coffee), while others have already been used as traditional food in non-EU-member countries (coffee leaves, notification currently pending), or an application for authorization as novel food has already been submitted (husks, flour from spent coffee grounds). For the other products, toxicity and/or safety data appear to be lacking, necessitating further studies to fulfill the requirements of novel food applications.
In the context of animal protection, the trend of digested coffees such as Kopi Luwak produced by civet cats in captivity should not be endorsed. Previous studies on such coffees may have been flawed ...by sample selection and misclassification. As wild civets may prefer Coffea liberica beans, due to their higher sugar content, the chemical differences may be caused by the Coffea species difference combined with a careful selection of ripe, defect-free cherries by the animals, rather than changes caused by digestion. This may also explain the observed differences between Kopi Luwak from wild civets (mainly C. liberica) compared to the one from animals in captivity (typically fed with C. arabica and/or C. canephora).
Mirroring and manual adaptation as the main virtual reconstruction method of midfacial defects is time demanding and ignores asymmetrical skull shapes. By using a statistical shape model (SSM), the ...reconstruction can be automatized and specified. The current study aims to show the ability of the SSM in the virtual reconstruction of artificial bilateral defects.
Based on 131 pathologically unaffected CT scans of the adult midface region, an SSM was created. DICOM data were generated, segmented and registered on one mesh, which serves as template for the SSM. The SSM consists of the registered surface meshes and includes the shape variability of the cranial vault. Fractured or missing parts were calculated by the known shape variability of healthy midface data. Using 25 CT scans not included in the SSM, the precision of the reconstruction of virtually placed bilateral defects of the orbital floor (Group 1) and bilateral naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures (Group 2). Distances to the corresponding parts of the intact skull were calculated to show the accuracy of the virtual reconstruction method.
All defects could be reconstructed by using the SSM and GM technique. The analysis shows a high accuracy of the SSM-driven reconstruction, with a mean error of 0.75 ± 0.18 mm in group 1 and with a mean error of 0.81 ± 0.23 mm in group 2.
The precision of the SSM-driven reconstruction is high and its application is easy for the clinician because of the automatization of the virtual reconstruction process in the field of computer-assisted surgery (CAS). Respecting of the natural asymmetry of the skull and the methods of GM are reasons for the high precision and the automatization of the new shown reconstruction workflow.
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask ...frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on individual face scans (n = 8) and a statistically shaped mask (SSM) based on a standardized facial soft tissue shape computed from 190 face scans were designed. Subsequently, the masks were additively manufactured, and in a second step, the PM and SSM were compared to surgical masks (SM) and FFP2 masks (FFP2) in terms of air seal performance. 3D-printed face models allowed for air leakage evaluation by measuring the pressure inside the mask in sealed and unsealed conditions during a breathing simulation. The PM demonstrated the lowest leak flow (p < 0.01) of inspired or expired unfiltered air of approximately 10.4 ± 16.4%, whereas the SM showed the highest (p < 0.01) leakage with 84.9 ± 7.7%. The FFP2 and SSM had similar values of 34.9 ± 18.5% leakage (p > 0.68). The developed framework allows for the time- and resource-efficient, on-demand, and in-house production of masks. For the best seal performance, an individually personalized mask design might be recommended.
Abstract Purpose This study evaluates the accuracy of a statistical shape model (SSM) for virtual fracture reconstruction of the lateral midface. Materials and methods A uniform bony defect of the ...right zygoma was created. A virtual reconstruction was performed by using the standard procedure of mirroring the unaffected to the affected side (Group I) and by using the statistical model based on 178 pathologically unaffected CT scans (Group II). The accuracy of the statistical shape model was evaluated in comparison to the present mirroring protocol. The reconstructed region was compared with the original bone evaluating the mean deviation of both surfaces. Results All zygomas could be reconstructed with all methods. On the affected side the mean deviation was 1.10 mm ± 0.23 mm in group I and 0.85 mm ± 0.26 mm in group II. The differences between the groups were significant. Conclusion SSM offers a more precise reconstruction of midface defects than mirroring procedures. As an additional element SSM could automatize the CAS workflow in many respects.
Complex bilateral midface fractures necessitate a surgically challenging procedure to preserve or restore the occlusion and the sensitive eye area. In this case control study, we aim to show the ...potential of a statistical shape model (SSM) for measuring the quality of the midface reconstruction, compared to the estimated preoperative situation.
An individualized SSM was postoperatively registered on 19 reconstructed complex bilateral midface fractures. Using this SSM, the distances from the simulated preoperative situation to the postoperative positions of the fracture segments were calculated. The fracture lines for Le Fort II, Le Fort III, and NOE fractures were chosen as reference points for the distance measurements.
The SSM could be registered on all 19 complex bilateral midface fractures. All analyzed fractures showed a dorsal impaction (negative values) of the midface. Le Fort II fractures showed deviation values of -0.98 ± 4.6 mm, Le Fort III fractures showed values of -3.68 ± 3.6 mm, NOE type 2 fractures showed values of -0.25 ± 4.6 mm, and NOE type 1 fractures showed values of -0.25 ± 4.6 mm.
The SSM can be used to measure the quality of the achieved reduction of complex bilateral midface fractures based on the estimated preoperative situation.
DRKS00009719.
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