Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are one of the most harmful threats in today's Internet, disrupting the availability of essential services. The challenge of DDoS detection is the ...combination of attack approaches coupled with the volume of live traffic to be analysed. In this paper, we present a practical, lightweight deep learning DDoS detection system called Lucid, which exploits the properties of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to classify traffic flows as either malicious or benign. We make four main contributions; (1) an innovative application of a CNN to detect DDoS traffic with low processing overhead, (2) a dataset-agnostic preprocessing mechanism to produce traffic observations for online attack detection, (3) an activation analysis to explain Lucid's DDoS classification, and (4) an empirical validation of the solution on a resource-constrained hardware platform. Using the latest datasets, Lucid matches existing state-of-the-art detection accuracy whilst presenting a 40x reduction in processing time, as compared to the state-of-the-art. With our evaluation results, we prove that the proposed approach is suitable for effective DDoS detection in resource-constrained operational environments.
Tumours are made up of a mixed population of different types of cells that include normal structures as well as ones associated with the malignancy, and there are multiple interactions between the ...malignant cells and the local microenvironment. These intercellular interactions, modulated by the microenvironment, effect tumour progression and represent a largely under-appreciated therapeutic target. We use observations of primary tumour biology from prostate cancer to extrapolate a mathematical model. Specifically, it has been observed that in prostate cancer three disparate cellular outcomes predominate: (i) the tumour remains well differentiated and clinically indolent--in this case the local stromal cells may act to restrain the growth of the cancer; (ii) early in its genesis the tumour acquires a highly malignant phenotype, growing rapidly and displacing the original stromal population (often referred to as small cell prostate cancer)--these less common aggressive tumours are relatively independent of the local microenvironment and (iii) the tumour co-opts the local stroma--taking on a classic stromagenic phenotype where interactions with the local microenvironment are critical to the cancer growth.
We present an evolutionary game theoretical construct that models the influence of tumour-stroma interactions in driving these outcomes. We consider three characteristic and distinct cellular populations: stromal cells, tumour cells that are self-reliant in terms of microenvironmental factors and tumour cells that depend on the environment for resources, but can also co-opt stroma.
Using evolutionary game theory we explore a number of different scenarios that elucidate the impact of tumour-stromal interactions on the dynamics of prostate cancer growth and progression, and how different treatments in the metastatic setting can affect different types of tumours.
The tumour microenvironment has a crucial role in selecting the traits of the tumour cells that will determine prostate cancer progression. Equally important treatments like hormone therapy affect the selection of these cancer phenotypes making it very important to understand how they impact prostate cancer's somatic evolution.
In patients with heart failure and preserved or mildly reduced ejection fractions (EF ≥40%), implantation of an interatrial shunt device (IASD) resulted in heterogenous changes of the left atrial ...(LA) volume. Baseline characteristics that correlate with a favorable decrease in LA volume are unknown. We hypothesized that a larger ratio of left to right atrial volume at baseline would correlate strongly with LA volume decongestion following IASD implantation. Reduce Elevated LA Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure was a multicenter study of the safety and feasibility of IASD implantation. Sixty-four patients with EF ≥40% underwent device implantation along with baseline conventional echocardiograms, speckle tracking echocardiography, and resting and exercise hemodynamics. Higher LA compliance (−4.2%, p = 0.048) and right atrial reservoir strain (−0.8%, p = 0.005) were independently associated with a percent decrease in the systolic LA volume index from baseline to 6-months. In conclusion, greater LA volume reduction following IASD implantation is associated with higher baseline compliance of the left atrium and higher reservoir strain of the right atrium.
1. As part of global efforts to reduce dependence on carbon-based energy sources there has been a rapid increase in the installation of renewable energy devices. The installation and operation of ...these devices can result in conflicts with wildlife. In the marine environment, mammals may avoid wind farms that are under construction or operating. Such avoidance may lead to more time spent travelling or displacement from key habitats. A paucity of data on at-sea movements of marine mammals around wind farms limits our understanding of the nature of their potential impacts. 2. Here, we present the results of a telemetry study on harbour seals Phoca vitulina in The Wash, south-east England, an area where wind farms are being constructed using impact pile driving. We investigated whether seals avoid wind farms during operation, construction in its entirety, or during piling activity. The study was carried out using historical telemetry data collected prior to any wind farm development and telemetry data collected in 2012 during the construction of one wind farm and the operation of another. 3. Within an operational wind farm, there was a close-to-significant increase in seal usage compared to prior to wind farm development. However, the wind farm was at the edge of a large area of increased usage, so the presence of the wind farm was unlikely to be the cause. 4. There was no significant displacement during construction as a whole. However, during piling, seal usage (abundance) was significantly reduced up to 25 km from the piling activity; within 25 km of the centre of the wind farm, there was a 19 to 83% (95% confidence intervals) decrease in usage compared to during breaks in piling, equating to a mean estimated displacement of 440 individuals. This amounts to significant displacement starting from predicted received levels of between 166 and 178 dB re 1 μPa(p-p). Displacement was limited to piling activity; within 2 h of cessation of pile driving, seals were distributed as per the non-piling scenario. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our spatial and temporal quantification of avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is critical to reduce uncertainty and increase robustness in environmental impact assessments of future developments. Specifically, the results will allow policymakers to produce industry guidance on the likelihood of displacement of seals in response to pile driving; the relationship between sound levels and avoidance rates; and the duration of any avoidance, thus allowing far more accurate environmental assessments to be carried out during the consenting process. Further, our results can be used to inform mitigation strategies in terms of both the sound levels likely to cause displacement and what temporal patterns of piling would minimize the magnitude of the energetic impacts of displacement.
Abstract
Background
The majority of cases of Dent’s disease are caused by pathogenic variants in the
CLCN5
gene, which encodes a voltage-gated chloride ion channel (ClC-5), resulting in proximal ...tubular dysfunction. We present three members of the same family and one unrelated paediatric patient with the same insertion-deletion
CLCN5
variant. The identification of these patients and positive familial segregation led to the re-classification of this variant from one of unknown significance to one of likely pathogenicity.
Case presentation
A 41 year old male presented with end stage kidney failure, proteinuria and haematuria. Whole genome sequencing identified an insertion-deletion variant in
CLCN5
, resulting in a missense change (c.1744_1745delinsAA p.(Ala582Lys)). His brother and nephew, who both exhibited renal impairment, haematuria, proteinuria, glycosuria and nephrocalcinosis, were found to have the same variant. In addition, genetic testing of an unrelated paediatric patient who presented with proteinuria and hypercalciuria, demonstrated the same variant.
Conclusions
The identification of this novel variant in four individuals with features of Dent’s disease, has led to the re-classification of the variant to one of likely pathogenicity.
As a result, our patients and any future patients with the same variant can be offered a likely diagnosis, without the need for kidney biopsy, and their family members can be offered genetic screening.
In this review of scholarship on bail and pretrial justice in the United States, we analyze how the field of bail operates (and why it operates as it does), focusing on its official and unofficial ...objectives, core assumptions and values, power dynamics, and technologies. The field, we argue, provides extensive opportunities for generating revenue and containing, controlling, and changing defendants and their families. In pursuit of these objectives, actors consistently generate harms that disproportionately affect low-income people of color and amplify social inequalities. We close with an analysis of political struggles over bail, including current and emerging possibilities for both reformist and radical change. In this, we urge scholars toward sustained engagement with people and organizations in criminalized communities, which pushes scholars to reconsider our preconceptions regarding safety, justice, and the potential for systemic change and opens up new avenues for research and public engagement.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) regulates the interface between cellular lipid metabolism, redox status and organelle differentiation. Conditional prostatic epithelial ...knockout of PPARγ in mice resulted in focal hyperplasia which developed into mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). The grade of PIN became more severe with time. Electron microscopy (EM) showed accumulated secondary lysosomes containing cellular organelles and debris suggestive of autophagy. Consistent with this analysis the autophagy marker LC3 was found to be upregulated in areas of PIN in PPARγ KO tissues. We selectively knocked down PPARγ2 isoform in wild-type mouse prostatic epithelial cells and examined the consequences of this in a tissue recombination model. Histopathologically grafted tissues resembled the conditional PPARγ KO mouse prostates. EM studies of PPARγ- and PPARγ2-deficient epithelial cells
in vitro
were suggestive of autophagy, consistent with the prostatic tissue analysis. This was confirmed by examining expression of beclin-1 and LC3. Gene expression profiling in PPARγ-/γ2-deficient cells indicated a major dysregulation of cell cycle control and metabolic signaling networks related to peroxisomal and lysosomal maturation, lipid oxidation and degradation. The putative autophagic phenotypes of PPARγ-deficient cells could be rescued by re-expression of either γ1 or γ2 isoform. We conclude that disruption of PPARγ signaling results in autophagy and oxidative stress during mPIN pathogenesis.
For those with a criminal history, higher education can facilitate successful reentry and desistance from crime. Still, a number of obstacles discourage the pursuit of higher education by the ...formerly incarcerated. One such obstacle is the prevalence of stigmatization and discrimination toward those with criminal justice system involvement on college campuses. Nonetheless, there is a lack of research on how college students conceive of their formerly incarcerated counterparts, leaving those with a criminal history to wonder about the prejudices and biases they may encounter once enrolled. Drawing on a random sample of 185 respondents, this study explores the attitudes of undergraduate students toward their formerly incarcerated classmates. Findings reveal that students who have had frequent, close contact with the formerly incarcerated are more likely to express favorable views of that population, supporting prior research suggesting that proximity can mitigate negative views of stigmatized populations.
Vocalisations form a key component of the social interactions and foraging behaviour of toothed whales. We investigated changes in calling and echolocation behaviour of long-finned pilot whales ...between foraging and non-foraging periods, by combining acoustic recordings and diving depth data from tagged individuals with concurrent surface observations on social behaviour of their group. The pilot whales showed marked vocal variation, specific to foraging and social context. During periods of foraging, pilot whales showed more vocal activity than during non-foraging periods (rest, travel). In addition to the expected increase in echolocation activity, call rates also increased, suggesting that pilot whales communicate more during foraging. Furthermore, calls with multiple inflections occurred more often immediately before and after foraging dives and during the early descent and late ascent phases of foraging dives. However, these calls were almost never detected at diving depths of the tagged whale beyond 350 m. Calls with no or few inflections were produced at all times, irrespective of diving depth of the tagged whale. We discuss possible explanations for the distinct vocal variation associated with foraging periods. In addition, during non-foraging periods, the pilot whales were found to be more silent (no calling or echolocation) in larger, more closely spaced groups. This indicates that increased levels of social cohesion may release the need to stay in touch acoustically.
Resumen
El número de residentes y estudiantes de medicina que participan en asignaturas optativas de salud global en medicina de urgencias y emergencias (MUE) se ha incrementado exponencialmente en ...los últimos años. Las asignaturas optativas de salud global siguen siendo un instrumento fuerte de reclutamiento y pueden contribuir a la formación de los alumnos. Sin embargo, según crece el número de estudiantes que llevan a cabo experiencias internacionales en el campo de la MUE global, se tiene la necesidad de desarrollar estándares aceptables de comportamiento en el escenario internacional. Los miembros de la Global Emergency Medicine Academy (GEMA) se dieron cuenta de la ausencia de recomendaciones internacionales o guías para estas experiencias. Un grupo de miembros voluntarios de la GEMA se comprometieron con la tarea de crear un documento que pudiese usarse por los estudiantes cuando llevaran a cabo asignaturas optativas de salud global. Los autores procedían de diversas instituciones y tenían distintos niveles de formación y experiencia internacional. En el desarrollo de este documento, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en la literatura de cualquier información en códigos de conducta/profesionalidad cuando se trabaja en el escenario internacional; también se revisaron documentos similares de numerosas instituciones de diferentes especialidades y se buscó ent la literatura gris. Las referencias clave seleccionadas se muestran más abajo. Esta información se combinó para producir un único documento, que se revisó usando una metodología de consenso hasta que alcanzó un acuerdo por parte de todos los miembros del grupo. El documento resultante se muestra en la figura de más abajo. Se anima a las instituciones comprometidas con la formación de estudiantes a adoptar éste como estándar de su formación en salud global.
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