A combination of healthy lifestyle behaviours (i.e., regular physical activity, nutritious diet, no smoking, moderate alcohol, and healthy body mass) has been consistently associated with beneficial ...health outcomes including reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Metabolomic profiles, characterized by distinct sets of biomarkers, have been described for healthy lifestyle behaviours individually and in combination. However, recent literature calls for systematic evaluation of these heterogenous data to identify potential clinical biomarkers relating to a combined healthy lifestyle. The objective was to systematically review existing literature on the metabolomic profile of combined healthy lifestyle behaviours. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched through March 2022. Studies in humans outlining the metabolomic profile of a combination of two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours were included. Collectively, the metabolomic profile following regular adherence to combined healthy lifestyle behaviours points to a positive association with beneficial fatty acids and phosphocreatine, and inverse associations with triglycerides, trimethylamine N‐oxide, and acylcarnitines. The findings suggest that a unique metabolomic profile is associated with combined healthy lifestyle behaviours. Additional research is warranted to further describe this metabolomic profile using targeted and untargeted metabolomic approaches along with uniform definitions of combined healthy lifestyle variables across populations.
Summary
This systematic review investigates the association of sCD163, a novel biomarker of macrophage activation, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance, and beta‐cell dysfunction. ...Sixteen studies (seven cross‐sectional, two case–control, one nested case–control, three prospective cohort, and three experimental) were identified. Most studies demonstrated that elevated sCD163 concentrations were associated with increased insulin resistance. Cross‐sectional, case–control, and nested case–control studies showed higher sCD163 in subjects with T2DM compared with healthy individuals. An 18‐year follow‐up prospective cohort study showed that elevated baseline sCD163 was a strong predictor of T2DM incidence. Prospective cohort studies demonstrated that baseline measures and longitudinal changes in sCD163 were positively associated with insulin resistance; however, associations with beta‐cell function were inconsistent. Two experimental studies evaluated the relationship of sCD163 with T2DM and HOMA‐IR after weight‐reducing interventions. After very low‐calorie diet treatments, sCD163 concentration declined significantly in patients with T2DM but was not associated with insulin resistance. Bariatric surgery did not significantly impact sCD163 levels. In a double‐blind randomized controlled trial, resveratrol supplementation significantly reduced circulating sCD163 in T2DM patients. Current studies demonstrate the potential utility of sCD163 as an early biomarker of T2DM risk and highlight a potential mechanism linking obesity with T2DM onset.
Summary Objective This study identified metabolite modules associated with adiposity and body fat distribution in childhood using gold‐standard measurements. Methods We used cross‐sectional data from ...329 children at mid‐childhood (age 5.3 ± 0.3 years; BMI 15.7 ± 1.5 kg/m 2 ) from the Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G), a prospective pre‐birth cohort. We quantified 1038 plasma metabolites and measured body composition using the gold‐standard dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), in addition to skinfold, waist circumference, and BMI. We applied weighted‐correlation network analysis to identify a network of highly correlated metabolite modules. Spearman's partial correlations were applied to determine the associations of adiposity with metabolite modules and individual metabolites with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Results We identified a ‘green’ module of 120 metabolites, primarily comprised of lipids (mostly sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholine), that showed positive correlations (all FDR p < 0.05) with DXA estimates of total and truncal fat ( ρ adjusted = 0.11–0.19), skinfold measures ( ρ adjusted = 0.09–0.26), and BMI and waist circumference ( ρ adjusted = 0.15 and 0.18, respectively). These correlations were similar when stratified by sex. Within this module, sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1)*, a sphingomyelin sub‐specie that is an important component of cell membranes, showed the strongest associations. Conclusions A module of metabolites was associated with adiposity measures in childhood.
Branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are mainly saturated fatty acids with a methyl branch on the penultimate or antepenultimate carbon atom. While BCFAs are endogenously produced via the catabolism of ...branched chain amino acids, the primary exogenous source of BCFAs in the human body is via the diet, including dairy products. Recently, BCFAs have been identified as having a potentially protective role in the etiology of cardiometabolic disorders although current literature is limited. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations of circulating BCFAs across four serum pools with insulin sensitivity, beta cell function, and glucose concentrations in the PROMISE Cohort. Estimates of insulin sensitivity were assessed using Matsuda's insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2). Estimates of beta cell function were determined using the insulinogenic index divided by HOMA insulin resistance and the insulin secretion‐sensitivity index‐2 (ISSI‐2). Baseline serum samples were analyzed for BCFAs using gas‐chromatography flame ionization detection. Longitudinal associations were determined using generalized estimating equations. In the free fatty acid (FFA) pool, iso15:0 and anteiso15:0 were positively associated with logHOMA2 (iso15:0 logHOMA2‐%S: β = 6.86, 95% CI: 1.64, 12.36, p < 0.05, anteiso15:0 logHOMA2‐%S: β = 6.36, 95% CI: 0.63, 12.42, p < 0.05) while anteiso14:0 was inversely associated with measures of insulin sensitivity (iso14:0 logHOMA2‐%S: β = −2.35, 95% CI: −4.26, −0.40, p < 0.05, logISI: β = −2.30, 95% CI: −4.32, −0.23, p < 0.05, anteiso14:0 logHOMA2‐%S: β = −4.72, 95% CI: −7.81, −1.52, p < 0.05, logISI: β = −6.13, 95% CI: −9.49, −2.66, p < 0.01). Associations in other pools were less consistent. We identified the potential importance of specific BCFAs, specifically iso14:0, anteiso14:0, iso15:0, anteiso15:0, in cardiometabolic phenotypes underlying type 2 diabetes.
Olive oil consumption has been inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the impact of olive oil consumption on plasma metabolites remains ...poorly understood. This study aims to identify plasma metabolites related to total and specific types of olive oil consumption, and to assess the prospective associations of the identified multi-metabolite profiles with the risk of T2D and CVD.
The discovery population included 1837 participants at high cardiovascular risk from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial with available metabolomics data at baseline. Olive oil consumption was determined through food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and adjusted for total energy. A total of 1522 participants also had available metabolomics data at year 1 and were used as the internal validation sample. Plasma metabolomics analyses were performed using LC-MS. Cross-sectional associations between 385 known candidate metabolites and olive oil consumption were assessed using elastic net regression analysis. A 10-cross-validation (CV) procedure was used, and Pearson correlation coefficients were assessed between metabolite-weighted models and FFQ-derived olive oil consumption in each pair of training-validation data sets within the discovery sample. We further estimated the prospective associations of the identified plasma multi-metabolite profile with incident T2D and CVD using multivariable Cox regression models.
We identified a metabolomic signature for the consumption of total olive oil (with 74 metabolites), VOO (with 78 metabolites), and COO (with 17 metabolites), including several lipids, acylcarnitines, and amino acids. 10-CV Pearson correlation coefficients between total olive oil consumption derived from FFQs and the multi-metabolite profile were 0.40 (95% CI 0.37, 0.44) and 0.27 (95% CI 0.22, 0.31) for the discovery and validation sample, respectively. We identified several overlapping and distinct metabolites according to the type of olive oil consumed. The baseline metabolite profiles of total and extra virgin olive oil were inversely associated with CVD incidence (HR per 1SD: 0.79; 95% CI 0.67, 0.92 for total olive oil and 0.70; 0.59, 0.83 for extra virgin olive oil) after adjustment for confounders. However, no significant associations were observed between these metabolite profiles and T2D incidence.
This study reveals a panel of plasma metabolites linked to the consumption of total and specific types of olive oil. The metabolite profiles of total olive oil consumption and extra virgin olive oil were associated with a decreased risk of incident CVD in a high cardiovascular-risk Mediterranean population, though no associations were observed with T2D incidence.
The PREDIMED trial was registered at ISRCTN ( http://www.isrctn.com/ , ISRCTN35739639).
Despite public health efforts to reduce dietary sodium, sodium intakes in most countries remains high. The purpose of this study was to determine if using novel web-based tools that provide tailored ...feedback, the Sodium Calculator and Sodium Calculator Plus, improves users' sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviours (KAB). In this single arm pre- and post-test study, 199 healthy adults aged 18-34 years completed a validated questionnaire to assess changes to sodium-related KAB before and after using the calculators. After using the calculators, the proportion of participants who accurately identified the sodium adequate intake and chronic disease risk reduction level increased (19% to 74% and 23% to 74%, respectively, both
= 0.021). The proportion accurately self-assessing their sodium intake as 'high' also increased (41% to 66%,
= 0.021). Several intended behavioural changes were reported, i.e., buying foods with sodium-reduced labels, using the Nutrition Facts table, using spices and herbs instead of salt, and limiting eating out. Evidence-based eHealth tools that assess and provide personalized feedback on sodium intake have the potential to aid in facilitating sodium reduction in individuals. This study is an important first step in evaluating and optimizing the implementation of eHealth tools to help reduce Canadians' sodium intakes.
ObjectiveTo evaluate multiple determinants of the longitudinal change in insulin clearance (IC) in subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D).Research design and methodsAdults (n=492) at risk ...for T2D in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation cohort, a longitudinal observational cohort, had four visits over 9 years. Values from oral glucose tolerance tests collected at each assessment were used to calculate the ratios of both fasting C peptide-to-insulin (ICFASTING) and areas under the curve of C peptide-to-insulin (ICAUC). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) evaluated multiple determinants of longitudinal changes in IC.ResultsIC declined by 20% over the 9-year follow-up period (p<0.05). Primary GEE results indicated that non-European ethnicity, as well as increases in baseline measures of waist circumference, white cell count, and alanine aminotransferase, was associated with declines in ICFASTING and ICAUC over time (all p<0.05). There were no significant associations of IC with sex, age, physical activity, smoking, or family history of T2D. Both baseline and longitudinal IC were associated with incident dysglycemia.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that non-European ethnicity and components of the metabolic syndrome, including central obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and subclinical inflammation, may be related to longitudinal declines in IC.
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The objective was to analyze the added sugar levels in kids' meals from chain restaurants in relation to the World Health Organization's proposed and current sugar recommendation (no ...more than 5%‐10% of total daily calories should come from added sugars). Total sugar levels were retrieved from the websites of 17 chain restaurants in 2010. The added sugar levels in 3178 kids' meals (including entrées, side dishes, beverages and desserts) from Canadian restaurants were calculated by subtracting all naturally occurring sugars from the total sugar level. Overall, added sugar levels in kids' meals ranged from 0g to 114g. The average amount of added sugar in a kids' meal (25±0.36 g) was equivalent to the WHO's proposed daily sugar recommendation (calculated using an average child's energy requirement). 50% of meals exceeded the WHO's proposed daily sugar recommendation (<5% of total calories), and 19% exceeded the WHO's current daily sugar recommendation (<10% of total calories). Beverages on average contained 16±20 g of added sugars, desserts contained 12±7 g, entrées contained 3±6 g and side dishes contained 0.6±2 g. Beverages with the highest sugar content were typically soft drinks, fruit juices with added sugars and chocolate milk. Entrées with the highest sugar content were chicken nugget meals containing honey mustard dipping sauces, as well as rib meals and sandwiches with sweet sauces. In conclusion, there is a wide range of sugar levels in kids' meals from restaurants, and many contain more than a day's worth of sugar.
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