Bullying victimization is a topic of concern for youths, parents, school staff and mental health practitioners. Children and adolescents who are victimized by bullies show signs of distress and ...adjustment problems. However, it is not clear whether bullying is the source of these difficulties. This paper reviews empirical evidence to determine whether bullying victimization is a significant risk factor for psychopathology and should be the target of intervention and prevention strategies. Research indicates that being the victim of bullying (1) is not a random event and can be predicted by individual characteristics and family factors; (2) can be stable across ages; (3) is associated with severe symptoms of mental health problems, including self-harm, violent behaviour and psychotic symptoms; (4) has long-lasting effects that can persist until late adolescence; and (5) contributes independently to children's mental health problems. This body of evidence suggests that efforts aimed at reducing bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence should be strongly supported. In addition, research on explanatory mechanisms involved in the development of mental health problems in bullied youths is needed.
A concise cascade strategy for the synthesis of 6H‐chromeno4,3‐bquinolin‐6‐ones was developed from 4‐hydroxycoumarins and arylhydrazine hydrochlorides in DMSO. The synthetic strategy relies on dual ...role of ammonium acetate in generating 4‐aminophenyl coumarin from arylhydrazine via aryl radical formation, and Csp2‐H formylation of coumarin using DMSO as a methine source. The strategy is scalable, and an array of arylhydrazine hydrochlorides delivered chromene‐fused quinolinones in good to excellent yields.
A concise cascade, metal‐free strategy for the synthesis of chromene‐fused quinolinones was developed. This strategy is scalable, and an array of arylhydrazine hydrochlorides delivered chromene‐fused quinolinones in good to excellent yields.
Direct oxidative homocoupling of 2‐arylimidazo heterocycles was achieved by using a phenyliodine diacetate‐mediated BF3·OEt2‐accelerated protocol at room temperature. A series of biimidazo ...heterocycles were synthesized under ambient conditions without prior activation of the C(sp2)–H bond. The desired biimidazo heterocycles were also obtained by using catalytic amounts of iodobenzene and m‐CPBA/AcOH in an organocatalytic fashion.
A transition‐metal‐free oxidative approach for homocoupling of 2‐arylimidazo heterocycles by using a phenyliodine diacetate‐mediated protocol at ambient conditions has been demonstrated. The homocoupled products were also obtained in an organocatalytic fashion by using iodobenzene.
Direct aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of aryl acetaldehydes at C-3 position of imidazoheterocycles via copper catalyzed reaction resulted in the synthesis of dicarbonylated ...imidazoheterocycles in 55–85% yields. The methodology provides a straightforward, high yielding and one-pot approach towards the synthesis of C-3 dicarbonylated imidazoheterocycles without prior activation of C(sp2)-H or a base. This also reports the first method of coupling of aryl acetaldehydes on imidazo1,2-apyridine system via double-oxidative cross-dehydogenative process.
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An efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives of 2‐phenylimidazo1,2‐apyridines by microwave‐irradiated Hinsberg heterocyclization between ...2‐phenylimidazo1,2‐apyridine‐3‐glyoxalates and o‐phenylenediamine using either montmorillonite K‐10 or Yb(OTf)3 as catalysts. Montmorillonite K‐10 was proven to be an efficient catalyst for the heterocyclization reaction between sterically hindered glyoxalate and o‐phenylenediamine only under microwave conditions. The use of Yb(OTf)3/tetrahydrofuran was also found to be an effective catalyst for the above chemical transformation among a series of Lewis acids screened under microwave conditions; however, comparatively lesser yields were obtained as compared with the use of montmorillonite K‐10.
Context: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is associated with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and possibly CV disease. However, its management remains controversial. Endothelial progenitor cells ...(EPC), expressing both endothelial and stem cell markers, are known to offer a novel CV risk marker.
Objective: The aim of the study was to ascertain whether EPC count or function is reduced in SCH and whether it improves with T4 therapy.
Design and Intervention: EPC were studied in peripheral blood by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and following in vitro cultures before and after T4 together with CV risk factors in 20 SCH and healthy controls (HC).
Main Outcome Measure: EPC count was measured at baseline and after T4 replacement in SCH.
Results: EPC count was significantly reduced in SCH compared to HC: median (range)—CD133+/VEGFR-2+, 0.09 (0.02–0.44) vs. 0.47 (0.17–2.12), P < 0.001; CD34+/VEGFR-2+, 0.10 (0.04–0.46) vs. 0.39 (0.11–2.13), P < 0.001; whereas EPC function was similar. There was a significant positive correlation between CD133+/VEGFR-2+ with free T4 levels (r = 0.38; P = 0.02); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.51; P = 0.001); and negative correlation with TSH concentrations (r = −0.64; P < 0.001). After adjustment for conventional CV risk factors, SCH predicted lower EPC count, β coefficient/P value: CD133+/VEGFR-2+ (−0.77/<0.001), and CD34+/VEGFR-2+ (−0.71/<0.001). In SCH participants, EPC count increased and was similar to HC after T4; CD133+/VEGFR-2+, 0.32 (0.03–0.94) vs. 0.09 (0.02–0.44), P < 0.001; and CD34+/VEGFR-2+, 0.26 (0.06–0.88) vs. 0.10 (0.04–0.46), P < 0.001.
Conclusion: SCH predicted lower EPC count, which improved with T4 treatment, independent of other CV risk factors, providing additional evidence that T4 replacement may improve CV risk in SCH.
Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with lower circulating endothelial progenitor cells, which improve significantly after thyroxine replacement therapy.
Background
Suicide is a major public health concern and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. People with an at‐risk‐mental‐state (ARMS) for psychosis are more vulnerable to psychiatric ...co‐morbidity and suicide, however, there are limited data from low‐middle‐income countries. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation along with sociodemographic and clinical correlates of suicidal ideation in individuals with ARMS from Pakistan.
Method
Participants between the age of 16 and 35 years who met the criteria for ARMS based on the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental State (CAARMS), were recruited from the community, general practitioner clinics and psychiatric units across Pakistan (n = 326). Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Social‐Occupational‐Functional‐Assessment‐Scale (SOFAS) were administered to participants.
Results
The prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in the sample at baseline were 91.1% (n = 297) and 61.0% (n = 199), respectively. There were significant mean differences between groups (mean difference 95% CI; p‐value) without suicidal ideation and with suicidal ideation on measures of MADRS (−5.47 −7.14, −3.81; p < .001), CAARMS non‐bizarre ideas (−0.29 −0.47, −0.11; p = .002) and perceptual abnormalities (−0.23 −0.41, −0.04; p = .015).
Conclusion
These findings indicate that suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms are highly prevalent in individuals with ARMS in Pakistan. Given the pivotal developmental stages that ARMS presents, and the poor outcomes associated with co‐morbid depression, there is an urgent need to prioritize the development of low‐cost and scalable evidence‐based interventions to address psychiatric comorbidity and suicidality in the ARMS population in Pakistan.
An efficient and recyclable imidazolium-supported benzotriazole reagent (Im-CH
2
-BtH) as a novel synthetic auxiliary has been synthesized and its utility as a carboxyl group activating reagent
via
...the formation of stable imidazolium-supported acyl benzotriazoles was explored for the synthesis of amides, esters and thioesters in water under microwave conditions. The reagent was reused five times without any noticeable loss in activity. It is moisture insensitive and highly stable under thermal and aerobic conditions. The application of imidazolium-supported
N
-acetyl benzotriazole leads to synthesis of paracetamol on the gram scale under greener conditions in 93% yield.
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