The variables of reproduction cue, activity during retention interval, and orientation of the recall movement were manipulated to assess simultaneously the viability of two hypotheses of motor ...short-term memory. Data partially supported hypotheses as positive response biasing was evident in recall after a filled retention interval (Pepper & Herman, 1970) and that for a given range of movements some adaption to a central reference level occurred (Laabs, 1973).
30 volunteer subjects were required to use either a counting encoding strategy or an imagery encoding strategy to facilitate recall of information from short-term storage. Subjects were also required ...to use two reproducation cues in combination with two encoding strategies. Analysis indicated no differences between the accuracy at recall of subjects using imagery or counting strategies of encoding, nor was the predicted interaction between encoding strategies and reproduction cue supported.
A series of ballistic, unidirectional arm movements were studied to evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) and neuromuscular force patterns that occur when a limb is unexpectedly perturbed. Multiple ...training trials were continued with a control load spring attached to the apparatus until a pre-specified criterion for learning was attained. The limb was then unexpectedly loaded with one of four test load springs. Examination of the integrated EMG records revealed a coactivation pattern of neuromuscular activity during a major part of the movement. Analysis of applied force data supported the notion of sustained agonist activity. Reciprocal innervation and coactivation patterns were considered in terms of a common motor control system as proposed by the equilibrium point control hypothesis. Manifestation of coactivation rather than reciprocation in the present study was discussed in terms of the execution of unloaded/inertially loaded movements and variable loaded movements.
Two experiments investigated whether the equilibrium point hypothesis or the mass-spring model of motor control subserves positioning accuracy during spring loaded, rapid, bi-articulated movement. ...For intact preparations, the equilibrium point hypothesis predicts response accuracy to be determined by a mixture of afferent and efferent information, whereas the mass-spring model predicts positioning to be under a direct control system. Subjects completed a series of load-resisted training trials to a spatial target. The magnitude of a sustained spring load was unexpectedly increased on selected trials. Results indicated positioning accuracy and applied force varied with increases in load, which suggests that the original efferent commands are modified by afferent information during the movement as predicted by the equilibrium point hypothesis.
The Acetochlor Registration Partnership (ARP) conducted a 7-yr ground water monitoring program at a total of 175 sites in seven states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and ...Wisconsin. While acetochlor 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide was the primary focus, the analytical methods also quantified alachlor 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetamide, atrazine 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, metolachlor 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide, and two classes of soil degradates for acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. Ground water samples were collected monthly for five years and quarterly for two additional years. All samples were analyzed for the presence of parent herbicides, and degradates were monitored during the last three years. Parent acetochlor was detected above 0.1 microgram L(-1) in three or more samples at just seven sites. Alachlor and metolachlor were also rarely detected, but atrazine was detected in 36% of all samples analyzed. Even more widespread were the tertiary amide sulfonic acid (ethane-sulfonic acid, ESA) degradates of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor, which were detected at 81, 76, and 106 sites, respectively. The other class of monitored soil degradates (oxanilic acid, OXA) was detected less frequently, at 26, 16, and 63 sites for acetochlor OXA, alachlor OXA, and metolachlor OXA, respectively. The geographic distribution of detections did not follow the pattern originally expected when the study began. Rather than being a function primarily of soil texture, the detection of these herbicides in shallow ground water was related to site-specific factors associated with local topography, the occurrence of surface water drainage features, irrigation practices, and the vertical positioning of the well screen.
The New Global Circuit Numbering System (NGCNS) changes the way we do business. It leverages the synergies between the powerful engineering design tools (CAD/CAE) and service diagnostic tools, ...improving vehicle service and customer satisfaction. NGCNS will provide a clear concise systematic way to identify circuits in vehicle schematics from the Engineer to the Service Technician. NGCNS was developed with input from the Service Technicians, Engineers, and Wire Harness Suppliers from around the world. It defines the circuit number based on the Potential, System, Sub-system and Function (PSF) of the respective portion of the circuit. The color of the wire helps the technician to quickly determine the correct diagnostic voltage by indicating constant voltages (i.e. power and ground) with a color and the function with a second color. NGCNS is being implemented globally throughout the Ford enterprise and will begin to show up at dealers in 2005.
Understanding how fungi degrade lignocellulose is a cornerstone of improving renewables-based biotechnology, in particular for the production of hydrolytic enzymes. Considerable progress has been ...made in investigating fungal degradation during time-points where CAZyme expression peaks. However, a robust understanding of the fungal survival strategies over its life time on lignocellulose is thereby missed. Here we aimed to uncover the physiological responses of the biotechnological workhorse and enzyme producer
over its life time to six substrates important for biofuel production.
We analysed the response of
to the feedstock
and compared it with our previous study on wheat straw, alone or in combination with hydrothermal or ionic liquid feedstock pretreatments. Conserved (substrate-independent) metabolic responses as well as those affected by pretreatment and feedstock were identified via multivariate analysis of genome-wide transcriptomics combined with targeted transcript and protein analyses and mapping to a metabolic model. Initial exposure to all substrates increased fatty acid beta-oxidation and lipid metabolism transcripts. In a strain carrying a deletion of the ortholog of the
fatty acid beta-oxidation transcriptional regulator
there was a reduction in expression of selected lignocellulose degradative CAZyme-encoding genes suggesting that beta-oxidation contributes to adaptation to lignocellulose. Mannan degradation expression was wheat straw feedstock-dependent and pectin degradation was higher on the untreated substrates. In the later life stages, known and novel secondary metabolite gene clusters were activated, which are of high interest due to their potential to synthesize bioactive compounds.
In this study, which includes the first transcriptional response of Aspergilli to
, we highlighted that life time as well as substrate composition and structure (via variations in pretreatment and feedstock) influence the fungal responses to lignocellulose. We also demonstrated that the fungal response contains physiological stages that are conserved across substrates and are typically found outside of the conditions with high CAZyme expression, as exemplified by the stages that are dominated by lipid and secondary metabolism.
► We reviewed the evolution dynamic of DENV-2 and DENV-3 during a 10years period. ► We identified five DENV-2 and four DENV-3 distinct lineages with different evolutionary dynamics. ► The dynamic of ...dengue in Cambodia was associated with a combination of events. ► Stochastic events, coevolution, vector adaptation and human immune background could explain the pattern.
The Dengue National Control Program was established in Cambodia in 2000 and has reported between 10,000 and 40,000 dengue cases per year with a case fatality rate ranging from 0.7 to 1.7. In this study 39 DENV-2 and 57 DENV-3 viruses isolated from patients between 2000 and 2008 were fully sequenced. Five DENV2 and four DENV3 distinct lineages with different dynamics were identified. Each lineage was characterized by the presence of specific mutations with no evidence of recombination. In both DENV-2 and DENV-3 the lineages present prior to 2003 were replaced after that date by unrelated lineages. After 2003, DENV-2 lineages D2–3 and D2–4 cocirculated until 2007 when they were almost completely replaced by a lineage D2–5 which emerged from D2–3 Conversely, all DENV-3 lineages remained, diversified and cocirculated with novel lineages emerging. Years 2006 and 2007 were marked by a high prevalence of DENV-3 and 2007 with a large dengue outbreak and a high proportion of patients with severe disease. Selective sweeps in DENV-1 and DENV-2 were linked to immunological escape to a predominately DENV-3-driven immunological response. The complex dynamic of dengue in Cambodia in the last ten years has been associated with a combination of stochastic climatic events, cocirculation, coevolution, adaptation to different vector populations, and with the human population immunological landscape.
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