ABSTRACT The consumption of saline water in semiarid regions is a recurrent situation that can affect the ingestive behavior of small ruminants. This study evaluated the ingestive behavior of Santa ...Inês sheep maintained in a climatic chamber under two air temperatures -25 °C within the thermal comfort zone (TCZ) and 32 °C above the TCZ - and consuming water with three levels of salinity - 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 dS m-1. The experimental design was completely randomized in 2 × 3 factorial schemes, comprising two air temperatures and drinking water with three levels of salinity, in six replicates (animals). Regardless of air temperature, the consumption of saline water did not affect feed and water intake by the sheep; however, there was a decrease in feed intake and an increase in water intake as air temperature increased. Feed and water intake; feeding, rumination, and idle times; defecation frequency; and fecal production were not affected (P > 0.05) by the water salinity levels, whereas reduction in feed intake, feeding time, and rumination time and an increase in water intake and idle time were observed as air temperature increased. In summary, increasing air temperature negatively affected the ingestive behavior of the animals; however, water with salinity up to 8.0 dS m-1 did not affect their ingestive behavior and hence could be used for drinking.
This study reports a bottom-up approach for the conversion of cyclohexane into graphene nanoflakes, which were then deposited onto fiberglass using a non-thermal generator. The composite was ...characterized using transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of stacked few-layer graphene with a partially disordered structure and a d-spacing of 0.358 nm between the layers. X-ray diffraction confirmed the observations from the TEM images. SEM images showed the agglomeration of carbonaceous material onto the fiberglass, which experienced some delamination due to the synthesis method. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the obtained graphene exhibited a predominance of defects in its structure. Additionally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses revealed the formation of graphene layers with varying levels of porosity.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar o efeito da época do ano e período do dia sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de reprodutores caprinos mestiços de Anglo-Nubiana com caprinos sem padrão racial ...definido, no Semi-árido paraibano. Utilizaram-se 20 caprinos machos, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 2 x 2, duas épocas: E1, maio a agosto e E2, setembro a dezembro, e dois turnos, manhã e tarde, repetidos no tempo, totalizando 80 parcelas. Para os parâmetros hematológicos estudou-se apenas o efeito da época do ano. Os parâmetros fisiológicos, temperatura retal e freqüência respiratória, foram influenciados (P < 0,01) pelo turno, enquanto a temperatura superficial sofreu influência (P < 0,01) de ambos os fatores, turno do dia e época do ano. Os parâmetros hematológicos, hemácias, hematócrito e volume globular médio, foram influenciados (P < 0,05) pela época do ano. A pouca variação dos parâmetros fisiológicos de caprinos mestiços de Anglo-Nubiana com sem padrão racial definido, demonstra alto grau de adaptação à temperaturas elevadas. No período de maior temperatura a perda de calor através da forma evaporativa, respiração, determina a elevação do hematócrito e do volume globular médio.
The objective of this work was to verify the effect of time of year and period of day on physiological parameters of reproductive Anglo-Nubiana crossbred goats with goats without a defined racial pattern race, in the semi-arid Paraiba. 20 male goats were used, allocated into a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, two periods: E1, May to August, and E2, September to December, and two periods, morning and afternoon, repeated in time, totaling 80 plots. For the hematological parameters only the effect of time of year was studied. The physiological parameters, rectal temperature and respiratory frequency were influenced (P < 0.01) by the period, while the surface temperature (ST) suffered influence (P < 0.01) of both factors, day period and time of year. The parameters hematological, erythrocyte (HE), hematocrit (HT) and medium globular volume (MGV) were influenced (P < 0.05) by the time of the year. The little variation of the physiological parameters of Anglo-Nubiana crossbred goats without defined racial patlern demonstrates a high adaptation degree to high temperatures. During the period of higher temperature, the heat loss in the form of evaporation and respiration determines the elevation of the hematócrit and medium globular volume.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar as respostas fisiológicas de duas raças de caprinos nativos do semiárido brasileiro submetidos a ambiente com temperatura e umidade relativa controladas; ...utilizaram-se 12 animais machos, 6 Canindés e 6 Moxotós, com pesos médios iniciais de 19,6 ± 1,9 kg e 20,4 ± 1,6 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 4), duas raças e quatro níveis de temperatura (20,6, 24,8, 27,8 e 31,6°C), com 6 repetições, e umidade relativa média do ar de 60 ± 5% e velocidade do vento de 0,5m s-1. Na temperatura entre 20,6 e 27,8°C a média da frequência respiratória (25,7 mov min-1) e frequência cardíaca (76,7 mov min-1) dos animais ficaram dentro da normalidade, sendo que a 31,6°C ocorreu elevação da frequência respiratória (134,5 mov min-1) e da frequência cardíaca (104,3 mov min-1). A temperatura retal foi semelhante em todas as temperaturas com média de 39,5°C, dentro da faixa de normalidade para a espécie. A temperatura superficial elevou-se com o aumento da temperatura ambiente. A faixa de temperatura de 20,6 a 27,8 °C pode ser considerada a zona de conforto térmico para caprinos nativos Moxotó e Canindé.
The objective of this study was to determine the physiological response of two caprine races from the Brazilian semiarid, submitted to a controlled thermal conditions in a climatic chamber. Twelve male animals were used, 6 Canindés e 6 Moxotós, with mean weight of 19,6 ± 1,9 kg and 20,4 ± 1,6 kg distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme (2 x 4), two races and four temperature levels (20.6, 24.8, 27.8 and 31,6°C), with six repetitions, with mean relative air humidity of 60 ± 5% and wind speed of 0.5 m s-1. In the temperature between 20.6 and 27.8°C the mean respiratory frequency (25.7 mov min-1) and cardiac frequency (76.7 mov min-1) of the animals were within normality, however, at 31.6°C, occurred elevation to 134.5 and 104.3 mov min-1 for the respiratory and cardiac frequency, respectively. Rectal temperature was similar in all temperatures with average of 39.5°C, within the range of normality for the species. The superficial temperature raised with the increase of the environment temperature. The range of temperature between 20.6 and 27.8 °C can be considered within the thermal comfort zone for native Moxotó and Canindé caprines.
Toxoplasma gondii was isolated in mice from different tissues of a captive black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) kept in a colony at the Primatology Center of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, ...and it was genotypically characterized based on using PCR-RFLP and Microsatellite Analysis (MS), later on. T. gondii was successfully isolated from inocula deriving from heart, liver and tissue pool (heart, liver, lungs, axillary lymph nodes and cerebellum) samples. The isolate was named TgBgHmBrRJ1. The high virulence of the aforementioned strain was observed in infected mice. Non-archetypal genotype (ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #206) was obtained through PCR-RFLP. This genotype had been previously described in 12 isolates from different hosts, also in Southeastern Brazil, a fact that indicates likely high circulation of this genotype in this region. The isolate was also classified as non-archetypal, based on MS genotyping, as well as presented genotypic identity close to that of strains isolated from free-range non-symptomatic chickens (TgCkBr244,245,278,279) in Espírito Santo State. It is worth emphasizing that despite the large number of reports about clinical toxoplasmosis in neotropical primates in Brazil, this is just the second isolate of this parasite ever reported in this group of animals.
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•Toxoplasma gondii was isolated in a murine model from Alouatta caraya in captivity.•An intermediate virulence of the isolated in the infected murine model was verified.•A non-archetypal genotype (ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #206) was obtained by PCR-RFLP.•This is the second isolation of T. gondii from a non-human primate in Brazil.•For the first time, this genotype was associated with clinical disease in a host.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar as respostas fisiológicas de duas raças de caprinos nativos do semiárido brasileiro submetidos a ambiente com temperatura e umidade relativa controladas; ...utilizaram-se 12 animais machos, 6 Canindés e 6 Moxotós, com pesos médios iniciais de 19,6 ± 1,9 kg e 20,4 ± 1,6 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 4), duas raças e quatro níveis de temperatura (20,6, 24,8, 27,8 e 31,6°C), com 6 repetições, e umidade relativa média do ar de 60 ± 5% e velocidade do vento de 0,5m s-1. Na temperatura entre 20,6 e 27,8°C a média da frequência respiratória (25,7 mov min-1) e frequência cardíaca (76,7 mov min-1) dos animais ficaram dentro da normalidade, sendo que a 31,6°C ocorreu elevação da frequência respiratória (134,5 mov min-1) e da frequência cardíaca (104,3 mov min-1). A temperatura retal foi semelhante em todas as temperaturas com média de 39,5°C, dentro da faixa de normalidade para a espécie. A temperatura superficial elevou-se com o aumento da temperatura ambiente. A faixa de temperatura de 20,6 a 27,8 °C pode ser considerada a zona de conforto térmico para caprinos nativos Moxotó e Canindé.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar o efeito da época do ano e período do dia sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de reprodutores caprinos mestiços de Anglo-Nubiana com caprinos sem padrão racial ...definido, no Semi-árido paraibano. Utilizaram-se 20 caprinos machos, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 2 x 2, duas épocas: E1, maio a agosto e E2, setembro a dezembro, e dois turnos, manhã e tarde, repetidos no tempo, totalizando 80 parcelas. Para os parâmetros hematológicos estudou-se apenas o efeito da época do ano. Os parâmetros fisiológicos, temperatura retal e freqüência respiratória, foram influenciados (P < 0,01) pelo turno, enquanto a temperatura superficial sofreu influência (P < 0,01) de ambos os fatores, turno do dia e época do ano. Os parâmetros hematológicos, hemácias, hematócrito e volume globular médio, foram influenciados (P < 0,05) pela época do ano. A pouca variação dos parâmetros fisiológicos de caprinos mestiços de Anglo-Nubiana com sem padrão racial definido, demonstra alto grau de adaptação à temperaturas elevadas. No período de maior temperatura a perda de calor através da forma evaporativa, respiração, determina a elevação do hematócrito e do volume globular médio.
The objective of this work was to verify the effect of time of year and period of day on physiological parameters of reproductive Anglo-Nubiana crossbred goats with goats without a defined racial pattern race, in the semi-arid Paraiba. 20 male goats were used, allocated into a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, two periods: E1, May to August, and E2, September to December, and two periods, morning and afternoon, repeated in time, totaling 80 plots. For the hematological parameters only the effect of time of year was studied. The physiological parameters, rectal temperature and respiratory frequency were influenced (P < 0.01) by the period, while the surface temperature (ST) suffered influence (P < 0.01) of both factors, day period and time of year. The parameters hematological, erythrocyte (HE), hematocrit (HT) and medium globular volume (MGV) were influenced (P < 0.05) by the time of the year. The little variation of the physiological parameters of Anglo-Nubiana crossbred goats without defined racial patlern demonstrates a high adaptation degree to high temperatures. During the period of higher temperature, the heat loss in the form of evaporation and respiration determines the elevation of the hematócrit and medium globular volume.
Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar os fatores bioclimáticos e seus efeitos sobre os índices fisiológicos e produtivos de caprinos nativos confinados na região do Cariri paraibano. Utilizaram-se ...36 animais, machos não-castrados, 12 por grupo genético, quais sejam: Moxotó, Azul e Graúna, com peso médio de 16,6 ± 1,7 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 5 (três raças e cinco horários de observação). Os fatores ambientais foram coletados através de um sistema eletrônico de aquisição de dados modelo CR1000. Para avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos foram aferidas temperatura retal, frequência respiratória e a temperatura superficial, três dias por semana, das 6 às 18 h, com intervalo de três horas cada uma. Os índices bioclimáticos foram elevados a partir das 12 h, atingindo valores críticos às 15 h, caracterizando situação de desconforto térmico. Os animais mantiveram a temperatura retal dentro dos limites normais porém com aumento da frequência respiratória. A temperatura superficial foi semelhante entre as raças. Os animais da raça Graúna apresentam maior ganho de peso diário e maior ganho de peso no período experimental, quando comparada com as outras raças estudadas.
The objective of this work was to determine the thermal comfort indexes and their effects on physiological parameters of native goats raised in confinement in the Cariri region of Paraíba state. In this study 36 non-castrated male animals, were used, 12 per genetic group, which were Moxotó, Azul and Graúna, with an average weight of 16.6 ± 1.7 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design in 3 x 5 factorial arrangement (three breeds and five observation times). The studied environmental data were collected by an electronic data acquisition model CR1000. To evaluate the physiological parameters rectal temperature, respiratory frequency and surface temperature were measured three days a week from 6 a.m to 6 p.m with an interval of three hours. Environmental parameters increased from 12 h to reach critical values at 3 p.m, characterizing a situation of thermal discomfort. The animals could maintain a rectal temperature within normal limits, but with increasing respiratory frequency. The superficial temperature did not very among races. The animals of breed Graúna presented higher daily weight gain during the experimental period in comparison to other breeds.
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