The worldwide pandemic caused by the coronavirus has disturbed the pure conception of the separation of powers. States forced by the newly established situation, declared a state of emergency, thus ...the Republic of North Macedonia was not an exception. This paper will focus on the divergences from the separation of powers in the countries from the Western Balkans and across Europe whose departure in the well-established system of checks and balances intrigued the media. The case of North Macedonia was maybe the most interesting because in time of declaring the state of emergency by the President of the Republic, the legislative branch of power – the Assembly was dissolute which meant that the already difficult situation became more complicated to establish a balance between the branches of power to function in protecting the general health of the citizens and the fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Community-based prevention is one of the approaches to crime prevention that incorporates situational and social elements and it has a theoretical background in several theories of crime. It arises ...due to the fact that the state can not cope and prevent crime alone without the help, support, and active participation of the community. In addition, because crime occurs in a community, it became a local problem, whose social causes are also rooted in the community. That means that the community has the responsibility to prevent crime and to secure the safety of its citizens. However, until his approach touches the real concerns of citizens and tries to explain and understand crime in a wider social context, we can not expect some positive results. Otherwise, certain situational prevention measures which are often criticized that are inconsistent with certain human rights (eg the right to free movement or the right to privacy) initiate the debate for the effectiveness and treats of that approach That means that despite the idea to create social order through the mechanisms of situational control, (which can be effective), we cannot ignore the important ethical questions about the methods used for crime prevention as the ultimate goal. Taking into account the previous, this article opens up questions related to the prospects and threats of community-based crime prevention, emphasizes its roots, theoretical backgroundsand current models and interventions.
The theories behind extradition, the rule of “prosecute or extradite” and the idea of using due diligence when prosecuting and punishing a criminal offender need to be explored in detail, relying on ...both customary international law and treaty-based law. Luring fugitives into international waters or cooperating with another state in the frames of the process of extradition are options that may help in bringing fugitives before justice. The Republic of Macedonia among other states has recognized the need for cooperation in criminal matters through the use of extradition as one of the earliest forms of inter-state cooperation in any domain. This paper explains how extradition is governed in the internal legislation of the Republic of Macedonia and the necessary changes which have been made in order to increase the effectiveness of extradition and to preserve human rights from possible violations.
Objective
To analyze the ultrasound (US) characteristics and fine needle biopsy (FNAB) of thyroid carcinomas (TCs) prior to surgery and compare with postoperative histopathology and to determine FNAB ...sensitivity and specificity.
Material and Methods
Retrospective analysis of the US data during 1999–2015 was performed, as well as analysis of FNAB results and using histopathology report as “gold standard” the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of this method was evaluated.
Results
Data revealed that tumors >51 mm were declining by 50% in the period 2011–2015 compared to 2005–2010 or by 18% 2011–2015 compared to 1999–2004 and significant increase was detected in diagnosis of multicentric tumors. The analysis revealed that FNAB has sensitivity = 65.7% CI (0.59% ‐ 0.71%) and specificity = 50% CI (0.43%–0.56%), PPV = 56.9% and NPV = 59.2%.
Conclusion
We found increasing detection of smaller TCs, as well as more frequent detection of multicentricity of the neoplastic foci. FNAB results in our study revealed low sensitivity and specificity. Major limitation of the study was inability to exactly separate US guided from non US guided FNAB in evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity, due to retrospective nature of the analysis. Further studies evaluating only US guided FNAB should be performed.
We found increasing detection of smaller TCs, as well as more frequent detection of multicentricity of the neoplastic foci. The analysis revealed that FNAB has sensitivity = 65.7% CI (0.59%–0.71%) and specificity = 50% CI (0.43%–0.56%), PPV = 56.9% and NPV = 59.2%.
Extradition as an act of international cooperation for the repression of criminal activities of the criminal offenders is one of the various models whereby one sovereign state delivers up the alleged ...accused criminals found within its jurisdiction, on demand, to another sovereign state, so that they might be dealt with according to the penal laws. Extradition has evolved among states because they are vitally interested in the repression of crimes and punishment of criminals who violate their national laws and thus disturb the general peace of the society. This article aims to describe the problems with which extradition is faced, especially with the obligation to extradite and with the obligation to take care of her own citizens in situations when the Constitution does not allow extradition of own nationals and in the absence of an extradition treaty.
Abstract
The rules as we know today in modern societies have their base in the Magna Carta from 1215. In that time people declared that the rights of the king and nobles must be limited and that was ...the first step toward as we know today “democracy”. The rights incorporated in the Magna Carta defined the limits what a state can do and also set boundaries in order to achieve equality between the state and the individual.
The rights proclaimed with Magna Carta found their path in the French Revolution from 1789 as “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” became symbol of democratic freedom and afterwards gave value in the conventions and other international instruments. The main purpose that was achieved with Magna Carta from today’s perspective is that the rules have been implanted in the conscience of people, so they learn to obey and practice them.
The Magna Carta rights are integral part of international conventions and on that way they have been taken from the states on national level so they become inevitable incorporated segment of the constitution and the laws of states. Those rights have achieved their purpose, because 800 years after their proclamation, some of them are still on force and have been provided in the constitutions of many countries including the Western Balkan countries.
The rights that derived from Magna Carta concerning the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, equality before the law and prohibition of discrimination are integral part of the Constitution of Macedonia which makes efforts for their implementation into practice – because contrary, words will be just words on paper and nothing else.
Objective:
We have set as objective to analyze epidemiological data of diagnosed thyroid carcinoma (TC) cases, incidence and prevalence rate by gender, age, histopathological type, and statistical ...regions in R. of N. Macedonia during the period 1999 to 2015.
Material and Methods:
Retrospective analysis of medical data collected from the 2 state thyroid departments. Inclusion criteria included newly diagnosed cases of TC in appropriate years for the period 1999 to 2015. We have evaluated: yearly incidence rate, incidence and prevalence by gender, age, the distribution in 8 statistical state regions and histopathological types and subtypes representation.
Results:
A total number of 422 TC patients were detected, average incidence rate of 1.22/105, with most prevalent papillary TCs79.5%, followed by follicular 10.9%, medullar 4.1%, anaplastic 3.1%, and other rare types with 2.3%. The highest incidence rate was detected in Skopje region, while the lowest in Southeast and the Polog region. The total prevalence rate for the female gender was 32.61/104 and for male 9.27/104 (f/m ratio = 3.52:1), with lowest female/male difference found in the elderly > 65 years (f/m = 2.21/1).
Conclusion:
Compared with regional epidemiological data we can conclude that Republic of N. Macedonia has very low incidence and prevalence rate, while female/male ratio was similar to that described in the literature. Our low incidence and prevalence rate may be due to 2 possible reasons, 1 would be insufficient diagnosis of only small portion of the real cases in the population, or the second reason may be a real low incidence resulting of specific etiopathogenetic circumstances.
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