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•Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can simplify the purification process of polysaccharides.•Taking full advantage of the high density and viscosity characteristics of DESs.•Proposed ...method promotes solvent infiltration for high-efficiency extraction.•Proposed method effectively guarantees the yield and purity of polysaccharides.•Proposed method is more consistent with the principles of green and precise extraction.
The water extraction and ethanol precipitation method is an extraction method based on the solubility characteristics of polysaccharides that offers wide applicability in the extraction and separation of plant polysaccharides. However, this method leads to large amounts of proteins, nucleic acids, pigments, and other impurities in the polysaccharides products, which makes downstream purification complicated and time-consuming. In this study, a green, high-density natural deep eutectic solvents was used for the high-purity extraction and separation of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. Mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao roots under ultrasound-assisted conditions. In this study, 16 different natural deep eutectic solvents were designed to screen the best solvent for extracting Astragalus polysaccharides (APSs). Based on the yield and recovery of APSs, a natural deep eutectic solvents composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid with a molar ratio of 1:2 was selected. The related factors affecting polysaccharides extraction and solvent precipitation were investigated. To improve the operating methodology, single-factor trials, a Plackett-Burman design, and a Box-Behnken design were used. The optimal extraction process conditions were obtained as follows: water content of 55%, liquid–solid ratio of 24 mL/g, ultrasonic irradiation time of 54 min, ultrasonic irradiation temperature of 50 °C, ultrasonic irradiation power of 480 W, ethanol precipitation time of 24 h, and ethanol concentration of 75%. Under optimal extraction conditions, the recovery of APSs was 61.4 ± 0.6 mg/g. Considering the special matrix characteristics of A. membranaceus var. Mongholicus roots, physical-technology-based ultrasonic waves promote penetration, and the mass transfer function also solves the bottleneck of high-viscosity deep eutectic solvents in the extraction stage. In comparison with the conventional method, the proposed method based on deep eutectic solvents isolation can significantly increase APSs recovery, which is beneficial to simplifying the process of polysaccharides purification by using solvent properties to separate extracts and reduce impurities in APSs.
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•Efficient extraction and preliminary separation of chlorogenic acid by ultrasonic enhancement.•Improved the adsorption and desorption characteristics of resin by ultrasonic ...enhancement.•Ultrasound-assisted methods guarantee the yield of chlorogenic acid and sample amount.•Extracting and preliminary separation in the same system can minimize the loss of target compounds.•Provide a new method for the recovery of DESs that conforms to the principles of Green chemistry.
This study established an integrated process for the extraction and enrichment of chlorogenic acid(CGA)from Eucommia ulmoides leaves in a deep eutectic solvent system via ultrasonic wave-enhanced adsorption and desorption practices utilizing macroporous resins. Although deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have the advantages of chemical stability, good dissolving capacity, and nonvolatilization, routine solvent recovery operations are not suitable for subsequent separation in this solvent system. Based on the above characteristics, this study integrated the extraction and enrichment processes, in which DESs extracts directly loaded onto the macroporous adsorption resin, avoiding the loss of target components in solvent recovery and redissolution processes. The screening results of solvents and resin types further showed that choline chloride-malic acid (1:1) was the optimal DES, and the NKA-II resin had high adsorption and elution performance for CGA. The viscosities of the DESs were much higher than those of water and conventional organic solvents; thus, the mass transfer resistance was large, which could also affect the adsorption behaviour of the macroporous resin. The thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound could effectively enhance the efficiency of the mass transfer, adsorption, and desorption in the DES systems. When compared to no sonication treatment, the CGA adsorption at various ultrasonic powers (120–600 W) was examined. At optimal ethanol concentration (60%), the effect of the ultrasonic treatment on the recovery of the DESs (water eluting process) and the desorption capability of CGA were confirmed. The use of three volumes of water elution could recover the DESs without loss of CGA. The adsorption process significantly differed depending on the ultrasonic settings, and the absorption balance time and experimental adsorption capacity at equilibrium were enhanced. Additionally, the adsorption procedure of the NKA-II macroporous resin for CGA under ultrasonic treatment could be clarified by the pseudo second order kinetic equation and the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic and dynamic parameters indicated that physical adsorption was the main process of the entire procedure, and it was a spontaneous, exothermic, and entropy-reducing physical adsorption process. This study potentially indicates that the use of ultrasonication, as a high-efficiency, environmentally friendly method, can enhance the features of the macroporous resin to better purify target chemicals from a DES extract.
► A method for simultaneous extraction of non-volatile and volatile matter was explored. ► An ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction method was developed. ► ILMSED process provided higher ...extraction yields of CA and RA. ► The developed approach accelerated the isolation process of EO. ► The method exhibited great potential for the ease of quality assessment of rosemary.
An ionic liquid based microwave-assisted simultaneous extraction and distillation (ILMSED) method has been developed for the effective extraction of carnosic acid (CA), rosmarinic acid (RA) and essential oil (EO) from
Rosmarinus officinalis. A series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids differing in composition of anion and cation were evaluated for extraction yield in this work. The results obtained indicated that the anions and cations of ionic liquids had influences on the extraction of CA and RA, 1.0
M 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C8mimBr) solution was selected as solvent. In addition, the ILMSED procedures for the three target ingredients were optimized and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. ILMSED gave the best result due to the highest extraction yield within the shortest extraction time for CA and RA. The novel process developed offered advantages in term of yield and selectivity of EO and shorter isolation time (20
min in comparison of 4
h of hydrodistillation), and provides a more valuable EO (with high amount of oxygenated compounds). The microstructures and chemical structures of rosemary samples before and after extraction were also investigated. Moreover, the proposed method was validated by the stability, repeatability and recovery experiments. The results indicated that the developed ILMSED method provided a good alternative for the both extraction of non-volatile compounds (CA and RA) and EO from rosemary as well as other herbs.
Mesoporous carriers have been extensively applied to improve the dissolution velocity and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. The goal of this work was to compare the drug-loading efficiency (LE) and ...drug-dissolution properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) as drug vectors oral delivery of water-insoluble drugs. For this purpose, MSN and MCN with similar particle size, surface area, and mesoporous diameter were prepared to precisely evaluate the effects of different textures on the drug-loading and dissolution behavior of insoluble drugs. Carvedilol (CAR), a Bio-pharmaceutic Classification System (BCS) class II drug, was loaded in the MSN and MCN by the solvent adsorption method and solvent evaporation method with different carrier-drug ratios. The carboxylated MCN (MCN-COOH) had a higher LE for CAR than MSN for both the two loading methods due to the strong adsorption effect and π-π stacking force with CAR. In vitro drug dissolution study showed that both MSN and MCN-COOH could improve the dissolution rate of CAR compared with the micronized CAR. In comparison to MSN, MCN-COOH displayed a slightly slower dissolution profile, which may be ascribed to the strong interaction between MCN-COOH and CAR. Observation of cell cytotoxicity and gastrointestinal mucosa irritation demonstrated the good biocompatibility of both MSN and MCN-COOH. The present study encourages further research of different carriers to determine their potential application in oral administration.
Risk management for drinking water often requires continuous monitoring of various toxins in flowing water. While they can be readily integrated with existing water infrastructure, two-dimensional ...(2D) electronic sensors often suffer from device-to-device variations due to the lack of an effective strategy for identifying faulty devices from preselected uniform devices based on electronic properties alone, resulting in sensor inaccuracy and thus slowing down their real-world applications. Here, we report the combination of wet transfer, impedance and noise measurements, and machine learning to facilitate the scalable nanofabrication of graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) sensor arrays and the efficient identification of faulty devices. Our sensors were able to perform real-time detection of heavy-metal ions (lead and mercury) and E. coli bacteria simultaneously in flowing tap water. This study offers a reliable quality control protocol to increase the potential of electronic sensors for monitoring pollutants in flowing water.
A new approach for ionic liquid based enzyme-assisted extraction (ILEAE) of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from Eucommia ulmoides is presented in which enzyme pretreatment was used in ionic liquids aqueous ...media to enhance extraction yield. For this purpose, the solubility of CGA and the activity of cellulase were investigated in eight 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids. Cellulase in 0.5 M C6mimBr aqueous solution was found to provide better performance in extraction. The factors of ILEAE procedures including extraction time, extraction phase pH, extraction temperatures and enzyme concentrations were investigated. Moreover, the novel developed approach offered advantages in term of yield and efficiency compared with other conventional extraction techniques. Scanning electronic microscopy of plant samples indicated that cellulase treated cell wall in ionic liquid solution was subjected to extract, which led to more efficient extraction by reducing mass transfer barrier. The proposed ILEAE method would develope a continuous process for enzyme-assisted extraction including enzyme incubation and solvent extraction process. In this research, we propose a novel view for enzyme-assisted extraction of plant active component, besides concentrating on enzyme facilitated cell wall degradation, focusing on improvement of bad permeability of ionic liquids solutions.
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•An ionic liquid based enzyme-assisted extraction method of natural product was explored.•ILEAE utilizes enzymatic treatment to improve permeability of ionic liquids solution.•Enzyme incubation and solvent extraction process were ongoing simultaneously.•ILEAE process simplified operating process and suitable for more complete extraction.
In this study, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) liposomes were successfully prepared using lyophilization monophase solution method. Preformulation studies comprised evaluation of solubility of soybean ...phosphatidylcholine (SPC), cholesterol, and GA in tert-butyl alcohol (TBA)/water co-solvent. The influences of TBA volume percentage on sublimation rate were investigated. GA after lyophilization using TBA/water co-solvent with different volume percentage was physicochemically characterized by DSC, XRD, and FTIR. The XRD patterns of GA show apparent amorphous nature. FTIR spectroscopy results show that no chemical structural changes occurred. Solubility studies show aqueous solubility of GA is enhanced. The optimum formulation and processing variables of 508 mg SPC, 151 mg cholesterol, 55% volume percentage of TBA, 4:1 trehalose/SPC weight ratio were obtained after investigating by means of Box-Benhnken design and selection experiment of lyoprotectant. Under the optimum conditions, satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (74.87%) and mean diameter (191 nm) of reconstituted liposomes were obtained. In vitro drug release study showed that reconstituted liposomes have sustained-release properties in two kinds of release medium. Furthermore, in vitro cell uptake study revealed that uptake process of drug-loaded liposomes by Hep G2 cells is time-dependent.
The existing of avidity cancer stem cells (CSCs) made it an optical strategy to kill cancer cells and CSCs at the same time. Here, we constructed a CSCs specific nanocarrier naming T-S-NLC using the ...CD133+ targeting peptide TISWPPR (TR) as the targeting moiety attached to the distal end of PEG on salinomycin (Sal) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), its pharmaceutical characteristics proved it 128.73 ± 2.09 nm, anionic spheroid with sustained release profile. It's in vitro targeting effect in CD133+ CSCs indicated that it exhibited superior CSCs internalization over non-modified NLC or free drug. Afterwards, it was used in combination with previously designed EGFR specific A-P-NLC (AEYLR peptide-PEG-modified paclitaxel loaded NLC) to achieve the goal to kill the cancer cells and CSCs, simultaneously. The in vitro tumor targeting effect of T-S-NLC + A-P-NLC was affirmed by cellular uptake and proliferation inhibition effect in NCI-H1299 and S180 cell lines showing advanced results over single preparation groups. In vivo tumor targeting effect in S180 tumor-bearing mice also validated the better tumor accumulative effect of the combined group. Last but not least, the in vivo antitumor effect strongly identified the greater tumor suppression effect of T-S-NLC + A-P-NLC than single preparation groups or combined use of free drugs while maintaining a good living state of the mice. To sum up, the combined usage of PTX and Sal active targeting NLC naming A-P-NLC + T-S-NLC which killed cancer cells and CSCs at the same time was a promising drug delivery system.
Past studies have shown that the hot spring effect can promote wound healing. Mild thermal stimulation and metal ions can promote angiogenesis. In this study, the hot spring effect was simulated by ...thermosensitive PNIPAAm hydrogel loaded with copper sulfide nanoparticles. Heat stimulation could be generated through near-infrared irradiation, and copper ions solution could be pulsed. On the other hand, the CS/PVA nanofiber membrane was attached to the bottom of the hydrogel to simulate the extracellular matrix structure, thus improving the wound healing ability. The CS/PVA nanofiber membrane was prepared by electrospinning, and the appropriate prescription and process parameters were determined. The nanofiber membrane has uniform pore size, good water absorption and permeability. The poor mechanical properties of PNIPAAm hydrogel were improved by adding inorganic clay. The temperature of the hydrogel loaded with CuS nanoparticles reached 40 °C under near-infrared light irradiation for 20 min, and the release rate of Cu2+ reached 26.89%. The wound-healing rate of the rats in the combined application group reached 79.17% at 13 days, demonstrating superior results over the other control groups. Histological analyses show improved inflammatory response at the healed wound area. These results indicate that this combined application approach represents a promising wound treatment strategy.
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