The ~260Ma Abulangdang ultramafic intrusion in the Panxi region, SW China, is part of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP). The intrusion is composed of dunite and lherzolite with minor olivine ...gabbro. Olivine crystals in the dunite have Fo values from 89.0 to 86.5mol%. Chromite grains in both the dunite and lherzolite contain more than 0.5wt.% TiO2 and show a trend of increasing Fe3+ with increasing Fe2+/(Mg+Fe2+). Rocks of the intrusion have γOs(t) values from +0.1 to +1.2 and εNd(t) values from −1.9 to +2.9, similar to the high-Ti picrites, high-Ti flood basalts and Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic intrusions of the ELIP. Modeling indicates that the Abulangdang intrusion formed by accumulation of olivine and chromite from a high-Ti picritic magma, whereas the high-Ti flood basalts and Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic intrusions formed from derivative, evolved magmas after the early fractionation of minerals from the high-Ti picritic magma. Both the dunite and lherzolite have relatively high PGE concentrations and primitive mantle-normalized chalcophile element patterns with positive Os and Ru anomalies, in contrast to PGE-poor high-Ti flood basalts with negative Os and Ru anomalies. This is consistent with the retention of Ru–Os–Ir trace phases with olivine and chromite in the formation of the Abulangdang intrusion. Using a clinopyroxene geobarometer, the crystallization pressure of the Abulangdang intrusion is calculated to be 7.1 to 8.3kbar, equivalent to a depth of ~21 to 24km, which is deeper than that estimated for the Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic layered intrusions of the ELIP (~5kbar). We propose that large volumes of mantle plume-derived high-Ti picritic magma underplating along the Moho boundary underwent early fractionation before eruption, and some high-Ti picritic magma ascended through a fossil conduit where the Abulangdang intrusion formed. Residual, evolved magmas either from the conduits or underplating magma chamber formed Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic layered intrusions or high-Ti flood basalts. In this fashion, the Abulangdang intrusion resembles ultramafic portions that are missing in the Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic intrusions of the ELIP.
•Cumulates of high-Ti picritic magma in Emeishan LIP are reported for the first time.•Cumulate formed when high-Ti picritic magma ascended through a fossil conduit.•Cumulate resembles ultramafic portion absent in layered intrusion of the Emeishan LIP.
The Amdo terrane holds one of the important keys to understand the tectonic evolution of Central Tibet. Here we report the results from a combined study of Cathodoluminescence imaging, LA–ICPMS U–Pb ...dating, and trace element analysis of zircons from high-pressure (HP) mafic granulites from the Amdo terrane. Zircons from the mafic granulite are rounded or anhedral and show sector or planar domains with low Th/U ratios, low REE contents, and flat HREE patterns, and can be divided into two types. The first type of zircons shows negative Eu anomalies, indicating that they coexisted with garnet and symplectitic plagioclase during the retrograde stage of metamorphism, whereas the second type possesses positive Eu anomalies, implying that they formed during the peak-metamorphic stage of the HP granulite. U–Pb data yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 190.7±3.0Ma (MSWD=2.8, n=8) for zircons with positive Eu anomalies, interpreted as the time of the peak metamorphism, and a mean age of 181.4±1.8Ma (MSWD=2.2, n=16) for zircons with negative Eu anomalies corresponding to the amphibolite-facies retrogression. Combining with previous data, we suggest that the Amdo terrane became a microcontinent in the Tethys Ocean during the Permian–Triassic rifting between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes, and then the Amdo terrane subducted to about 50-km-depth beneath the Qiangtang terrane experiencing HP granulite-facies metamorphism in the Early Jurassic at 190Ma. The region was then uplifted to the mid-crustal levels (~20km) with an exhumation rate of ca. 3mm/year. The presence of Early Jurassic HP granulite shows that the Amdo terrane is related to the Bangong–Nujiang Suture zone instead of with the Mid-Qiangtang Suture zone.
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•The Amdo terrane, central Tibet, has experienced an Early Jurassic HP metamorphism.•The exhumation rate of the HP granulites was ca. 3mm/year.•The Amdo terrane is not a part of the Mid-Qiangtang Suture zone.
Some coronaviruses (CoVs) have an extra furin cleavage site (RRKR/S, furin-S2′ site) upstream of the fusion peptide in the spike protein, which plays roles in virion adsorption and fusion. Mutation ...of the S2′ site of QX genotype (QX-type) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike protein (S) in a recombinant virus background results in higher pathogenicity, pronounced neural symptoms and neurotropism when compared with conditions in wild-type IBV (WT-IBV) infected chickens. In this study, we present evidence suggesting that recombinant IBV with a mutant S2′ site (furin-S2′ site) leads to higher mortality. Infection with mutant IBV induces severe encephalitis and breaks the blood–brain barrier. The results of a neutralization test and immunoprotection experiment show that an original serum and vaccine can still provide effective protection in vivo and in vitro. This is the first demonstration of IBV-induced neural symptoms in chickens with encephalitis and the furin-S2′ site as a determinant of neurotropism.
In plants, programmed cell death (PCD) has diverse, essential roles in vegetative and reproductive development, and in the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite the rapid progress in ...understanding the occurrence and functions of the diverse forms of PCD in plants, the signaling components and molecular mechanisms underlying the core PCD machinery remain a mystery. The roles of BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1), an essential co-receptor of multiple receptor complexes, in the regulation of immunity and development- and defense-related PCD have been well characterized. However, the ways in which BAK1 functions in mediating PCD need to be further explored. In this review, different forms of PCD in both plants and mammals are discussed. Moreover, we mainly summarize recent advances in elucidating the functions and possible mechanisms of BAK1 in controlling diverse forms of PCD. We also highlight the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of multiple signaling component proteins in BAK1-mediated PCD.
Vitamin C-based cluster therapy (HAT therapy), which is a recently proposed new treatment option for sepsis, involves the combined application of hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine on top of ...conventional treatment of sepsis. This therapy has a strong theoretical basis, but its clinical efficacy remains inconclusive. This review summarizes the rationale for HAT therapy for sepsis and describes the evaluation of its efficacy in clinical observational studies and randomized controlled trials, with the aim of providing a reference for the future clinical practice application of HAT therapy in sepsis.
The universal nature of networks' structural and physical properties across diverse systems offers a better prospect to elucidate the interplay between a system and its environment. In the last ...decade, several large-scale transcriptome and interactome studies were conducted to understand the complex and dynamic nature of interactions between Arabidopsis and its bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We took advantage of these publicly available datasets and performed "-omics"-based integrative, and network topology analyses to decipher the transcriptional and protein-protein interaction activities of effector targets. We demonstrated that effector targets exhibit shorter distance to differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and possess increased information centrality. Intriguingly, effector targets are differentially expressed in a sequential manner and make for 1% of the total DEGs at any time point of infection with virulent or defense-inducing DC3000 strains. We revealed that DC3000 significantly alters the expression levels of 71% effector targets and their downstream physical interacting proteins in Arabidopsis interactome. Our integrative "-omics"--based analyses identified dynamic complexes associated with MTI and disease susceptibility. Finally, we discovered five novel plant defense players using a systems biology-fueled top-to-bottom approach and demonstrated immune-related functions for them, further validating the power and resolution of our network analyses.
A simplified method using a single column of N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) resin is developed for the separation of Sr, Nd and Hf with matrix and interference elements from geological ...samples, and for subsequent determination of their isotopic ratios by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The analytes of Sr, Nd and Hf are absorbed by the TODGA resin and eluted with 6 mol/L HNO3, 1.2 mol/L HCl and 1 mol/L HNO3–1.6 mol/L HF, respectively. The separation procedure is validated by the certified reference materials (CRMs) of BHVO-2, BCR-2 and AGV-2 with analyte recovery greater than 97%. The ratios are measured for 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and 176Hf/177Hf and the mean values (2σ) are 0.703455 (16), 0.512977 (12) and 0.283108 (8) for BHVO-2, 0.705008 (18), 0.512633 (10) and 0.282878 (4) for BCR-2, and 0.703989 (20), 0.512791 (8) and 0.282982 (8) for AGV-2, which are consistent with the certified values.
Protozoan parasites are a well-known threat to human health, particularly for people working at or visiting zoos, and potentially cause zoonotic diseases in humans. Captive wildlife may be potential ...reservoirs for human infection with protozoan parasites. Therefore, focusing on zoonotic protozoan infections in zoo animals is critical. However, there is no report on this topic in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region. In this study, a total of 167 and 103 fecal samples were collected from 12 animal species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Wildlife Park in winter and summer, respectively, to detection the prevalence of infections and subtype distribution with
sp.,
sp.,
,
sp.,
sp. by PCR assay. The results showed that a total of 21 fecal samples collected in winter, including from 2 white-lipped deer, 8 Sika deer, 6 blue sheep, 2 wolves and 3 bears, were positive for
, with a 12.6% (21/167) positive rate. However, 4.9% (5/103) of animals in summer were positive for
, including 1 snow leopard, 1 tiger, 1 Tibetan argali and 2 mouflon. Moreover, 1 white-lipped deer and 1 bear were found to be positive for
sp., one zoonotic STs (ST10) was identified and found in white-lipped deer. We found no effect on season on
sp. and
sp. colonization. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first description of
sp. and
sp. infecting zoo animals in the plateau area. The findings provide the latest data on
sp. and
sp. in zoo animals in China.
Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with global impact caused by parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa, genus Babesia. Typically, acute bovine babesiosis (BB) is characterized by fever, anemia, ...hemoglobinuria, and high mortality. Surviving animals remain persistently infected and become reservoirs for parasite transmission. Bovids in China can be infected by one or more Babesia species endemic to the country, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. orientalis, B. ovata, B. major, B. motasi, B. U sp. Kashi and B. venatorum. The latter may pose a zoonotic risk. Occurrence of this wide diversity of Babesia species in China may be due to a combination of favorable ecological factors, such as the presence of multiple tick vectors, including Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma, the coexistence of susceptible bovid species, such as domestic cattle, yaks, and water buffalo, and the lack of efficient measures of tick control. BB is currently widespread in several regions of the country and a limiting factor for cattle production. While some areas appear to have enzootic stability, others have considerable cattle mortality. Research is needed to devise solutions to the challenges posed by uncontrolled BB. Critical research gaps include risk assessment for cattle residing in endemic areas, understanding factors involved in endemic stability, evaluation of parasite diversity and pathogenicity of regional Babesia species, and estimation of whether and how BB should be controlled in China. Research should allow the design of comprehensive interventions to improve cattle production, diminish the risk of human infections, and increase the availability of affordable animal protein for human consumption in China and worldwide. In this review, we describe the current state of BB with reference to the diversity of hosts, vectors, and parasite species in China. We also discuss the unique risks and knowledge gaps that should be taken into consideration for future Babesia research and control strategies.
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite
which is widely prevalent in humans and animals worldwide. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and ...distinguishing acute or chronic
infections have utmost importance for humans and animals. The
SAG1,
GRA7, and
BAG1 proteins were used in the present study to develop the serological rSAG1-ELISA, rGRA7-ELISA and rBAG1-ELISA methods for the testing of
specific IgG and IgM antibodies and differentiating acute or chronic toxoplasmosis in 3733 animals, including Tibetan sheep, yaks, pigs, cows, cattle, horses, chickens, camels and donkeys from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The ELISA tests showed that the overall positivity of IgG antibody was 21.1% (786/3733), 15.3% (570/3733) and 18.2% (680/3733) for rSAG1-, rGRA7- and rBAG1-ELISA, respectively, and the positivity of IgM antibody was 11.8% (439/3733), 13.0% (486/3733) and 11.8% (442/3733) for rSAG1-, rGRA7- and rBAG1-ELISA, respectively. A total of 241 animals (6.5%) positive for all rSAG1-, rGRA7- and rBAG1-IgG were found in this study, and the 141 animals (3.8%) tested were anti-
IgM positive in all three ELISAs. Moreover, the 338, 284 and 377 animals were IgG positive in rSAG1 + rGRA7-, rBAG1 + rGRA7- and rSAG1 + rBAG1- ELISAs respectively, and the 346, 178 and 166 animals in rSAG1 + rGRA7-, rBAG1 + rGRA7- and rSAG1 + rBAG1-ELISAs were IgM positive respectively. The results confirmed that the application of SAG1, GRA7, and BAG1 recombinant antigens could successfully be used in the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies for distinguishing between acute or chronic
infections. It is inferred that the forms in which current animal species in the plateau area were infected with
, and the period of infection or the clinical manifestations of the current infections may be different. The present study provides substantial clinical evidence for the differential diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, and the classification of acute and chronic
infections.
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