Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh temperatur kalsinasi terhadap kristalinitas dan aktivitas katalis CaO dari limbah cangkang bekicot (Achatina fulica) dalam sintesis ...biodiesel dari minyak sawit. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan mengkalsinasi cangkang pada variasi temperatur 700oC, 800oC dan 900oC selama 4 jam untuk mendapatkan senyawa CaO dan dianalisis dengan XRD (X-Ray Difraction) untuk mengetahui karakteristik katalis yang diperoleh. Katalis kemudian digunakan untuk reaksi transesterifikasi untuk mengetahui aktivitas katalitik dari CaO. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa katalis terbaik didapatkan pada temperatur kalsinasi 800oC. Kondisi terbaik dicapai pada temperatur reaksi transesterifikasi 60oC dengan rasio mol metanol:minyak 12:1. Kata Kunci: Biodiesel, Cangkang Bekicot, Transesterifikasi, CaO.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh temperatur kalsinasi terhadap kristalinitas dan aktivitas katalis CaO dari limbah cangkang bekicot (Achatina fulica) dalam sintesis ...biodiesel dari minyak sawit. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan mengkalsinasi cangkang pada variasi temperatur 700oC, 800oC dan 900oC selama 4 jam untuk mendapatkan senyawa CaO dan dianalisis dengan XRD (X-Ray Difraction) untuk mengetahui karakteristik katalis yang diperoleh. Katalis kemudian digunakan untuk reaksi transesterifikasi untuk mengetahui aktivitas katalitik dari CaO. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa katalis terbaik didapatkan pada temperatur kalsinasi 800oC. Kondisi terbaik dicapai pada temperatur reaksi transesterifikasi 60oC dengan rasio mol metanol:minyak 12:1. Kata Kunci: Biodiesel, Cangkang Bekicot, Transesterifikasi, CaO.
The small-scale food manufacturing industry has become the most dominant sector in Jakarta, in terms of number and manpower absorption. However, they are challenged with slow growth rates, indicated ...by their inability to meet national demands. The Government believes that the small-scale food manufacturing industry in Jakarta was formed without comprehensive planning, and yet, they are spread throughout Jakarta. This study aims to cluster the small-scale food manufacturing industry, which was focused on the West Jakarta area as a pilot project. By employing the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP), five criteria were considered during the assessment: availability of land, suppliers, facilities and infrastructure, labor, and markets. As a result, an area clustering map was proposed.
400 million tons of plastic waste pollute the environment every year, and then 8 million tons of plastic waste have ended up in the ocean. Flexible plastic waste accounts for 76% of plastic waste ...entering the environment in Indonesia. Ecoplas have been developed in Jakarta, as starch-based biodegradable packaging. This study aims to 1) determine the ranking of Ecoplas compared to PP, r-PP, and Oxo-biodegradable; 2) Identify criteria that affect the path of Ecoplas packaging into sustainable packaging. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire involving 96 consumers of flexible packaging in Jakarta, taken by convenience sampling. In this study, Ecoplas packaging was evaluated using PROMETHEE II to generate rankings, and Rainbow-PROMETHEE to review criteria affecting packaging sustainability. The results show that PP packaging (0.1168) remains the most preferred option for flexible packaging, followed by Oxo-biodegradable (0,0020), Ecoplas (-0,0113), and r-PP (-0,1076). Ecoplas have good criteria on willingness to purchase (Ec), consumers' environmental preferences (En), property preference (T1), packaging safety preference (T3), and consumer knowledge of post-consumer (S2). Aspects of criteria that need to be improved by Ecoplas i.e. awareness of alternative packaging usage (S1) and accessibility (S3 & S4), and packaging durability preference (S2). Ecoplas is promising to be an alternative to flexible packaging, as shown by the good evaluation and willingness of consumers to purchase it as eco-friendly packaging. However, Ecoplas packaging needs to improve the level of packaging properties and accessibility level for consumers to find it easily.
The mangrove ecosystem is a forest area that grows in coastal areas and is located at a distance of 200 meters from the shoreline. Mangroves are one of the blue-carbon ecosystems that can absorb CO2 ...through the process of photosynthesis and store carbon in the form of biomass in the soil. Mangroves are the second largest store of carbon stocks in waters after coral reefs. The availability of mangrove ecosystem carbon stock data is very important as a baseline in the greenhouse data inventory from blue carbon ecosystems. Blue carbon can be used as a reference for the welfare of coastal communities commonly called the blue economy, the blue economy focuses on generating economic growth from the fisheries and marine sector in Indonesia. Marine ecosystems are also impacted by climate change. Based on data from WWF's Living Blue Planet Report 2015, the number of marine populations decreased by 49% in the period 1970- 2012. The data is closely related to the sustainable economic growth of the marine fisheries sector, in this case, the mangrove ecosystem. Analysis of mangrove ecosystems using circle plots carried out measurements of tree diameter and length and identification of tree species according to predetermined subplots then analyzed the amount of carbon stock using the Allometric Equation Model. The result obtained is that 80% of mangrove habitat conditions are still very good so they can contribute to producing a total stored carbon stock (blue carbon) of 55.98 tons/ha this can be an ecosystem service for the surrounding community that can increase the blue economy in the Pangandaran area of West Java.
The changing of consumer behavior is one of the attractive topic in consumer research. The dynamic of consumer behavior could be part that is caused the shorter life cycle product. Then, proper ...mapping of consumer’s socio-economic class is important thing to enable manufacturers in providing the best product according to customer expectation. The research aims to obtain an explanation about the effect of marketing mix (product, price, place and promotion) towards purchase decision of Growing Up Milk (GUM) products on three socio-economic classes (lower, middle and upper class) and to discover the differences among those three classes. The study was conducted in Malang using questionnaire and data processed by using Partial Least Squares as an alternative to the Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that one of the marketing mix whis is product significantly affect purchase decision of GUM across the three classes. Price had significant effect to the purchase decision only at lower and upper class. Furthermore, place and promotion do not significantly affect the purchase decision across all classes. Variation change in endogenous variable (purchase decision) could be explained by exogenous variables (marketing mix), for 64.8% (upper), 48.3% (middle) and 49.9% (lower), respectively. Multi Group Analysis (MGA) showed that there are no significant differences between middle and lower class. A significant differences between upper class and middle class and also between upper class and lower class place on product and price. Upper class tends to purchase GUM due to its quality instead of product design and packaging. Price discount and lower price are not the main factors considered for the upper class.
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