Holographic stereograms produce multiple parallax images that are seen from multiple viewpoints. Because random phase distributions are added to the parallax images to remove areas where images ...cannot be seen in the viewing area, speckles are generated in the reconstructed images. In this study, virtual viewpoints are inserted between the original viewpoints (real viewpoints) to make the interval of the viewpoints smaller than the pupil diameter of the eyes in order to remove the areas without images. In this case, regular interference patterns appear in the reconstructed images instead of the speckle patterns. The proper phase modulation of the parallax images displayed to the real and virtual viewpoints increases the spatial frequencies of the regular interference patterns on retinas so that the eyes cannot perceive them. The proposed technique was combined with the multiview-based holographic stereogram calculation technique and was experimentally verified.
In holographic stereograms, speckles are generated in the reconstructed images, because random phase distributions are added to the parallax images to remove areas where images cannot be seen in the ...viewing area. Moreover, the reconstructed images are out of focus, because the reconstructed images that observed in the viewpoints are not 3D images but parallax images of 3D objects. In this study, we propose techniques that resolve these problems. For the speckle problem, virtual viewpoints are inserted between the original viewpoints and the phase of the parallax images displayed to the all viewpoints are modulated properly. As a result, speckles are regularized and miniaturized. For the blur problem, we calculate the diffraction calculation using the depth images adding the parallax images. As a result, the blur in the reconstructed images is suppressed.
Summary
1. Previously, we found that Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space via α1‐adrenoceptor‐activated, Ca2+‐permeable channels, but not voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels, is impaired in ...endothelium‐denuded caudal artery smooth muscle from Type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats. In the present study, we investigated the impairment of Ca2+ entry mechanisms via Ca2+‐permeable channels from the extracellular space in response to α1‐adrenoceptor stimulation (cirazoline) in endothelium‐denuded caudal artey strips isolated from GK rats.
2. The contraction of caudal artery strips from GK rats in response to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (10 μmol/L), which causes depletion of Ca2+ stores and subsequent store‐operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry, was significantly depressed compared with that of Wistar rats (maximal force 0.023 ± 0.004 vs 0.058 ± 0.005 mN/mg tissue wet weight, respectively). These results suggest that receptor‐activated Ca2+ entry through SOC channels is impaired in caudal artery smooth muscle in GK rats.
3. The classic transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, which constitute SOC and receptor‐operated cation channels, play an important role in Ca2+ regulation. Therefore, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC channels in caudal artery smooth muscle from Wistar and GK rats using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting.
4. Expression of TRPC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6 mRNA and protein was found in Wistar rats. However, in GK rats, in addition to the expression of these TRPC channels, mRNA and protein expression of TRPC4 was found. The expression of TRPC1 and TRPC6, but not TRPC3, was increased approximately twofold in GK rats compared with Wistar rats.
5. These results suggest that changes in TRPC channel expression may be responsible, in part, for the dysfunction of receptor‐mediated Ca2+ entry in caudal artery smooth muscle of GK rats.
In holographic stereograms, speckles are generated in the reconstructed images, because random phase distributions are added to the parallax images to remove areas where images cannot be seen in the ...viewing area. Moreover, the reconstructed images are out of focus, because the reconstructed images that observed in the viewpoints are not 3D images but parallax images of 3D objects. In this study, we propose techniques that resolve these problems. For the speckle problem, virtual viewpoints are inserted between the original viewpoints and the phase of the parallax images displayed to the all viewpoints are modulated properly. As a result, speckles are regularized and miniaturized. For the blur problem, we calculate the diffraction calculation using the depth images adding the parallax images. As a result, the blur in the reconstructed images is suppressed.
ホログラフィックステレオグラムでは，視域を連続化する際にランダム位相を用いるため，再生像の表面にスペックルが生じてしまい，画質が劣化するという問題がある．また，ホログラフィックステレオグラムの各視点で観察される再生像は立体像ではなく2次元画像であるため，多眼式立体表示などの光線再生型の立体表示と同様に，再生像にボケが生じるという問題がある．本研究では，これら2つの問題点に対する解決策を提案する．1つ目に関しては，ホログラフィックステレオグラムの各視点間に新たに仮想視点を導入し，さらに視点に表示する視差画像を適切に位相変調することで，スペックルの規則化・高空間周波数化を行う．2つ目に関しては，各視点のホログラム計算の際に，各視点に表示する視差画像に加えてデプス画像を用いて回折計算を行うことで，各視点で表示される再生像を2次元画像から立体像にして，ボケの低減を行う．
Summary
1. Previously, we found that Ca
2+
entry from the extracellular space via α
1
‐adrenoceptor‐activated, Ca
2+
‐permeable channels, but not voltage‐gated Ca
2+
channels, is impaired in ...endothelium‐denuded caudal artery smooth muscle from Type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats. In the present study, we investigated the impairment of Ca
2+
entry mechanisms via Ca
2+
‐permeable channels from the extracellular space in response to α
1
‐adrenoceptor stimulation (cirazoline) in endothelium‐denuded caudal artey strips isolated from GK rats.
2. The contraction of caudal artery strips from GK rats in response to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
‐ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (10 μmol/L), which causes depletion of Ca
2+
stores and subsequent store‐operated Ca
2+
(SOC) entry, was significantly depressed compared with that of Wistar rats (maximal force 0.023 ± 0.004
vs
0.058 ± 0.005 mN/mg tissue wet weight, respectively). These results suggest that receptor‐activated Ca
2+
entry through SOC channels is impaired in caudal artery smooth muscle in GK rats.
3. The classic transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, which constitute SOC and receptor‐operated cation channels, play an important role in Ca
2+
regulation. Therefore, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC channels in caudal artery smooth muscle from Wistar and GK rats using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting.
4. Expression of TRPC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6 mRNA and protein was found in Wistar rats. However, in GK rats, in addition to the expression of these TRPC channels, mRNA and protein expression of TRPC4 was found. The expression of TRPC1 and TRPC6, but not TRPC3, was increased approximately twofold in GK rats compared with Wistar rats.
5. These results suggest that changes in TRPC channel expression may be responsible, in part, for the dysfunction of receptor‐mediated Ca
2+
entry in caudal artery smooth muscle of GK rats.
The standard Eisenstat preconditioning technique has been discussed based on the amount of computa-tional cost. Sometimes, however, the actual computational time differs from the theoretical ...estimated time. In this paper, first we propose practical implementation of Eisenstat preconditioning. Second we describe validity of estimation based on the memory access in place of estimation of theoretical computational cost. Through numerical experiments, we verify effectiveness of our discussion based on memory access for Eisenstat preconditioning.
•A concept of AnMBR-PN/A process was proposed for mainstream treatment.•In-situ FA/FNA exposure eliminated Nitrospira while retained Nitosonomas community.••DO limitation prevented switch of the NOB ...community in the mainstream conditions.•The effluent TN of the mainstream PN/A system was lower than 10 mg-N/L.•Enhanced hydrodynamic shear force resulted in sludge settleability deterioration.
In this pilot-scale study, an innovative mainstream treatment process that couples the anaerobic membrane reactor (AnMBR) with a one-stage PN/A system was proposed for advancing the concept of carbon neutrality in the municipal wastewater treatment plant. This work demonstrates the start-up procedure of a pilot-scale one-stage PN/A system for mainstream treatment. The 255-day start-up of the one-stage PN/A system involved the cultivation of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from the activated sludge, suppression of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), investigation of in-situ growth kinetics of anammox bacteria (AnAOB), and the 50-day operation of the pilot-scale AnMBR-PN/A process for natural mainstream treatment. It is verified in the pilot-scale system for the first time that the in-situ free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) exposure could effectively eliminate the Nitrospira (the NOB genus) while retaining the Nitosonomas (the AOB genus) community in the suspended sludge. NOB community rebounding was not detected even at the mainstream conditions with low nitrogen concentrations (Influent ammonium concentration=38±6 mg-NH4+-N/L) by intermittent aeration to control the system dissolved oxygen (DO) below 0.5 mg/L. The results of the mainstream treatment showed that the average effluent total nitrogen (TN) in the coupled process was generally lower than 10 mg-N/L, which meets the discharge limits of most prefectures in Japan. The investigated results of the in-situ anammox bacteria (AnAOB) growth kinetics suggested that the promoted start-up strategy of taking advantage of the warm months with higher mainstream temperature to achieve the rapid in-situ growth of the AnAOB is applicable in the investigated regions. From the perspective of the removal performance of the TN and organic substance, the AnMBR-PN/A process has great potential as the layouts of the carbon-neutral mainstream wastewater treatment plants.
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To elucidate the effects of polysaccharides, cellulose, water-soluble xylan (WXY), galactoglucomannan (GGM) and xyloglucan (XG) on lignification in vitro, artificial polysaccharide matrices were ...prepared from a combination of cellulose and hemicelluloses, and dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) was synthesized from coniferyl alcohol in the presence of the matrices by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Prior to DHP formation, interactions between cellulose and hemicelluloses were investigated with equilibrium adsorptions of the hemicelluloses on bacterial cellulose (BC) films and with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique (QCM-D) to determine their adsorption on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Both analyses showed that the order of adsorption amounts was XG > GGM > WXY. The QCM-D experiments also suggested that HRP strongly interacted with cellulose rather than hemicelluloses. The amount of DHP generated in the XG-BC matrix was the largest among the prepared matrices, and XG facilitated the formation of 5–5′ interunitary linkages. Thus, XG must be involved in the lignification in primary wood cell wall. On the other hand, the amount of DHP in the GGM-BC matrix was the smallest, indicating that GGM hampered lignification.
Graphic abstract
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