The demand for advanced energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries has been increasing to meet the application requirements of hybrid vehicles and renewable energy ...systems. A major limitation of state‐of‐art supercapacitors lies in their relatively low energy density compared with lithium batteries although they have superior power density and cycle life. Here, we report an additive‐free, nano‐architectured nickel hydroxide/carbon nanotube (Ni(OH)2/CNT) electrode for high energy density supercapacitors prepared by a facile two‐step fabrication method. This Ni(OH)2/CNT electrode consists of a thick layer of conformable Ni(OH)2 nano‐flakes on CNT bundles directly grown on Ni foams (NFs) with a very high areal mass loading of 4.85 mg cm−2 for Ni(OH)2. Our Ni(OH)2/CNT/NF electrode demonstrates the highest specific capacitance of 3300 F g−1 and highest areal capacitance of 16 F cm−2, to the best of our knowledge. An asymmetric supercapacitor using the Ni(OH)2/CNT/NF electrode as the anode assembled with an activated carbon (AC) cathode can achieve a high cell voltage of 1.8 V and an energy density up to 50.6 Wh/kg, over 10 times higher than that of traditional electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs).
A high energy density asymmetric supercapacitor is developed based on an additive‐free, nano‐architectured Ni(OH)2/CNT electrode with an ultra‐high specific capacitance of 3300 F g−1 and high areal capacitance of 16 F cm−2. This asymmetric supercapacitor prototype is able to power up a 3 V mini‐fan for 90 s by 10 s charging with an AA battery.
High efficiency conversion of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) remains a challenge today. A simple solid acid catalyst Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with high hydrothermal stability was prepared and ...used as sole catalyst for the direct conversion of cellulose into HMF in mixed reaction solvents of ionic liquid 1-buthyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This was aimed at developing an efficient and inexpensive catalyst for the production of HMF. The effects of factors such as water, solvent, catalyst load, temperature and reaction duration were investigated. An impressive HMF yield of 58.4% with 97.2% cellulose conversion was obtained at 160 °C after 2 h. More importantly, the catalyst γ-AlOOH was reused several times without loss of its catalytic properties. After five reaction runs, an HMF yield of 47.8% with 91.0% conversion was also obtained. In addition, the catalyst γ-AlOOH displayed excellent catalytic effects on the degradation of other carbohydrates. High yields of HMF from other carbohydrates such as glucose (61.2%), starch (62.7%) and inulin (70.5%) were achieved using γ-AlOOH as the catalyst. The proposed catalytic method shows a promising potential for HMF preparation, especially for industrial-scale HMF production from renewable bioresources.
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•An efficient and inexpensive catalyst.•High catalytic efficiency.•Good applicability and stability.
A flexible solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor based on bendable film electrodes with 3D expressway‐like architecture of graphenes and “hard nano‐spacer” is fabricated via an extended filtration ...assisted method. In the designed structure of the positive electrode, graphene sheets are densely packed, and Ni(OH)2 nanoplates are intercalated in between the densely stacked graphenes. The 3D expressway‐like electrodes exhibit superior supercapacitive performance including high gravimetric capacitance (≈573 F g‐1), high volumetric capacitance (≈655 F cm‐3), excellent rate capability, and superior cycling stability. In addition, another hybrid film of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) is fabricated as the negative electrodes for the designed asymmetric device. In the obtained graphene@CNT films, CNTs served as the hard spacer to prevent restacking of graphene sheets but also as a conductive and robust network to facilitate the electrons collection/transport in order to fulfill the demand of high‐rate performance of the asymmetric supercapacitor. Based on these two hybrid electrode films, a solid‐state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor device is assembled, which is able to deliver competitive volumetric capacitance of 58.5 F cm‐3 and good rate capacity. There is no obvious degradation of the supercapacitor performance when the device is in bending configuration, suggesting the excellent flexibility of the device.
The fabrication of a flexible solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor, based on bendable film electrodes with 3D expressway‐like architecture of graphenes and “hard nano‐spacer” via an extended filtration assisted method, is reported. The 3D expressway‐like electrode exhibits superior supercapacitive performance including high gravimetric capacitance (≈573 F g‐1), high volumetric capacitance (≈655 F cm‐3), excellent rate capability, and superior cycling stability.
•22 immune cells in tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer were uncovered.•Immune-related genes were identified to build prognostic models for TNM stages.•Assisting in selecting targets for ...immunotherapies and individualize treatment.
tumor-infiltrating immune cells are highly relevant to the progression and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study is to explore the immune cells and immune-related gene expression in tumor microenvironment of CRC.
CIBERSORT, a deconvolution algorithm, was used to analyze the infiltration of 22 immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment and immune-related gene expression in 404 CRC and 40 adjacent non-tumorous tissues.
a wide heterogeneity of immune cells among different paired tissues and in tumor stages was uncovered. M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages and CD4 memory activated T cells were infiltrated significantly more in CRC compared with normal tissues in both TCGA and GEO cohorts. CRC with T1–2 tumor stage showed increased CD4 memory activated T cells compared with T3–4 tumors. M0 macrophages were the highest in stage N1 tumors. Significant immune-related genes were identified to build prognostic models by Cox regression analysis. The concordance index of the prognostic model for TNM stage I–II was 0.69, and 0.71 for stage III–IV. The AUC values for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 0.674, 0.773, 0.812 for TNM stage I–II, respectively, and 0.764, 0.782, 0.803 for stage III–IV, respectively.
these results could assist clinicians in selecting targets for immunotherapies and individualize treatment strategies for patients with CRC.
Background/Objectives
Frailty in older adults predicts dependence and mortality and is a major challenge for healthcare systems in countries with rapidly aging populations. Little is known about ...frailty in China. We investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors of frailty in older adults in China.
Design
Cross‐sectional.
Setting
Data were obtained from the China Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Study, conducted in 2011–12, which was the first uniform comprehensive assessment system adopted in China.
Participants
Older adults from 7 cities were selected based on well‐established cluster, stratification, and random selection statistical sampling techniques (N = 5,844).
Measurements
The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment‐Frailty Index was measured based on demographic characteristics, physical health, physical function, living behavior and social function, mental health, and cognitive function.
Results
The overall weighted prevalence of frailty was 9.9%: 12.7% in southwestern China, 11.0% in northern China, 5.9% in northwestern China, 5.0% in south‐central China, 2.5% in eastern China, and 2.3% in northeastern China. The prevalence of frailty increased with age and was significantly higher in women and those living in rural areas. After adjusting for sex, age, area, region, and education, activity of daily living impairment was the strongest risk factor for frailty. Chronic diseases, depression, poor lifestyle, and geriatric syndromes were also independent risk factors.
Conclusion
Our study provides epidemiological characteristics and the risk factors of frailty in China; the findings indicate greater regional disparities. Efforts to promote physical, psychological, and social health in older adults are a core objective of health policy, especially in women and those living in rural areas.
Cognitive impairment is a major global disease, manifests as a decline in cognitive functioning and endangers the health of the population worldwide. The incidence of cognitive impairment has ...increased rapidly with an increasingly aging population. Although the mechanisms of cognitive impairment have partly been elucidated with the development of molecular biological technology, treatment methods are very limited. As a unique form of programmed cell death, pyroptosis is highly pro-inflammatory and is closely associated with the incidence and progression of cognitive impairment. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis briefly and the research progress on the relationship between pyroptosis and cognitive impairment and its potential therapeutic values, to provide a reference for research in the field of cognitive impairment.
Physical frailty, characterized by reduced physiologic complexity and ability to cope with stressors, is closely associated with cognitive impairment, which increases the risk of poor clinical ...outcomes. To better capture the association between frailty and cognitive impairment, a new construct, cognitive frailty, has been proposed. Cognitive frailty is a clinical condition characterized by the simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment. There is little evidence on the relationship between physical frailty and cognition, as well as cognitive frailty, in Chinese older adults. We aimed to elucidate whether physical frailty is associated with cognitive impairment in an older Chinese population.
Data were obtained from the China Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Study. The sample comprised 3202 community-dwelling adults, aged 60 years and older, from seven Chinese cities. Physical frailty was assessed using a modified, four-item version of the Fried criteria, according to frailty phenotype. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
The prevalence of physical frailty, prefrailty, cognitive impairment, and cognitive frailty was 9.9, 33.9, 7.5, and 2.3%, respectively (weighted: 8.8, 33.8, 6.5, and 2.0%). The prevalence of the combination of prefrail/frail and cognitive impairment was 5.1% (weighted 4.5%). Frail participants performed worse on global cognition and all cognitive domains than robust and prefrail participants. The MMSE total score was positively correlated with walking speed and negatively correlated with age and frailty. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that after adjusting for age, gender, education level, living area, and chronic diseases, frailty, exhaustion, slowness, and inactivity were significantly associated with poor global cognition.
The standard prevalence of physical frailty, prefrailty, cognitive impairment, and cognitive frailty in community-dwelling older adults in China was 8.8, 33.8, 6.5, and 2.0%, respectively. Frailty, exhaustion, slowness, and inactivity were significantly associated with poor global cognition.
The level of selenocysteine (Sec) in the human body is closely related to a variety of pathophysiological states, so it is important to study its fluorescence sensing mechanism for designing ...efficient fluorescent probes. Herein, we used time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the fluorescence sensing mechanism of phenanthroimidazole derivates A4 and B4 for the detection of Sec, which are proposed to be designed based on excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanisms. The calculation results show that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of A4 and B4 is due to the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process with the sulfonate group acts as the electron acceptor. Subsequently, A4 and B4 react with Sec, the sulfonate group is substituted by hydroxyl groups, PET is turned off, and significant fluorescence enhancement of the formed A3 and B3 is observed. The theoretical results suggest that the fluorescence enhancement mechanism of B3 is not based on ICT mechanism, and the charge transfer phenomenon was not observed by calculating the frontier molecular orbitals, and proved to be a local excitation mode. The reason for the fluorescence enhancement of A3 based on ESIPT is also explained by the calculated potential energy curves.
Abstract
Based on the LAMOST DR9 Medium Resolution Spectra (MRS) catalog, combined with astrometries from Gaia DR3, we conducted an investigation into the substructures in the stellar halo to obtain ...their chemical and kinematic information. We employed the HDBSCAN algorithm in the (
L
z
,
E
,
L
xy
) space for clustering and utilized Mahalanobis distance to merge the clustering results. Ultimately, within the LAMOST DR9 MRS catalog, we identified members of Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus (GSE), Helmi streams, and the high-
α
disk and in situ halo. Additionally, there are three clusters that cannot be correlated with known substructures. Based on their angular momentum (
L
z
) characteristics, we have tentatively named two of them High-
L
z
-Cluster-1 (HLC-1) and High-
L
z
-Cluster-2 (HLC-2), both exhibiting high angular momentum (
L
z
) features. The third cluster, owing to its extremely low
L
z
, is termed the Low-
L
z
-Cluster. Then detailed analysis about those substructures are executed including member stars’ identification and kinematic and chemical distribution. The resulting GSE member stars exhibit a well-defined metallicity distribution function with its peak at Fe/H ∼ −1.2, consistent with previous findings, and we found there appear to be some differences in the distribution on the
V
total
–
r
gal
plane between GSE and its included Splash component. Regarding Helmi streams, in the Mg/Fe–Fe/H plane we detected potential traces of the
α
-knee phenomenon at Fe/H ∼ −1.53. Finally, we tentatively provide the possible origin for the HLC-1 and HLC-2.
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