We used multiple probe design with probe trials across three teacher‐student dyads to examine the effects of a professional development on middle school general education teachers' accurate use of ...simultaneous prompting procedure and self‐monitoring as well as the effects of the simultaneous prompting procedure on acquisition of academic core content of middle school students with developmental disabilities in inclusive classrooms. Moreover, we investigated the maintenance and generalization effects of professional development on teachers' outcomes as well as simultaneous prompting procedure on students' outcomes. Last, teachers' and students' opinions regarding social validity of the study were investigated. Results showed that (a) teachers acquired using simultaneous prompting procedure and self‐monitoring with 100% accuracy, maintained the acquired teaching behaviors over time and generalized them across different conditions and (b) students acquired their targeted academic content, maintained them over time, and generalized them across different people. Moreover, both the opinions of teachers and the students were positive. Implication of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Simultaneous prompting and graduated guidance procedures have been used successfully in teaching various academic and functional skills; however, there is a scarcity of research that directly ...compares these two procedures delivered within embedded teaching trials while teaching chained skills. The researchers used an adapted alternating treatments design to compare the efficacy of simultaneous prompting and graduated guidance procedures delivered within embedded teaching trials for teaching two chained skills (i.e., snap fastening and buttoning up skills) to three young children with developmental disabilities. They also examined the generalization and maintenance effects of both procedures in the study. Last, the researchers examined the social validity of the study through social comparison. Results indicated both instructional procedures delivered within embedded teaching trials produced the acquisition of targeted chained skills in all children. Also, both produced maintenance and generalization of the acquired chained skills. However, a consistent finding was not obtained for the efficiency of the procedures in favor of one procedure. Finally, social validity findings were highly promising. The participating children reached the performance of their peers after the intervention. Future research is needed to support these findings.
The aim of this study was to investigate if there is any relationship between musical preference, genre identification and frequency of listening to music genres, and whether musical training and ...gender played a role in these factors. A total of 205 college music and non-music majors recorded their preference for 13 music excerpts in popular, non-popular and Turkish Music genres. Results suggested that students’ musical preference, frequency of listening to music genres and their levels of accuracy in genre identification showed significant differences by gender and musical training. Music students favored Rock and Metal music more, whereas students not studying music enjoyed excerpts of the Traditional Turkish Art Music and Reggae. Furthermore, results also suggested that while female students preferred Jazz, Latin, Reggae and Western music more, male students favored the excerpts of Rock and Metal music more. As a result of the correlation analysis, a statistically significant relationship was found between the students’ musical preferences and the frequency with which they listened to that music.
Modern models that derive allometric relationships between metabolic rate and body mass are based on the architectural design of the cardiovascular system and presume sibling vessels are symmetric in ...terms of radius, length, flow rate, and pressure. Here, we study the cardiovascular structure of the human head and torso and of a mouse lung based on three-dimensional images processed via our software Angicart. In contrast to modern allometric theories, we find systematic patterns of asymmetry in vascular branching, potentially explaining previously documented mismatches between predictions (power-law or concave curvature) and observed empirical data (convex curvature) for the allometric scaling of metabolic rate. To examine why these systematic asymmetries in vascular branching might arise, we construct a mathematical framework to derive predictions based on local, junction-level optimality principles that have been proposed to be favored in the course of natural selection and development. The two most commonly used principles are material-cost optimizations (construction materials or blood volume) and optimization of efficient flow via minimization of power loss. We show that material-cost optimization solutions match with distributions for asymmetric branching across the whole network but do not match well for individual junctions. Consequently, we also explore random branching that is constrained at scales that range from local (junction-level) to global (whole network). We find that material-cost optimizations are the strongest predictor of vascular branching in the human head and torso, whereas locally or intermediately constrained random branching is comparable to material-cost optimizations for the mouse lung. These differences could be attributable to developmentally-programmed local branching for larger vessels and constrained random branching for smaller vessels.
Interactions are ubiquitous and have been extensively studied in many ecological, evolutionary, and physiological systems. A variety of measures—ANOVA, covariance, epistatic additivity, mutual ...information, joint cumulants, Bliss independence—exist that compute interactions across fields. However, these are not discussed and derived within a single, general framework. This missing framework likely contributes to the confusion about proper formulations and interpretations of higher-order interactions. Intriguingly, despite higher-order interactions having received little attention, they have been recently discovered to be highly prevalent and to likely impact the dynamics of complex biological systems. Here, we introduce a single, explicit mathematical framework that simultaneously encompasses all of these measures of pairwise interactions. The generality and simplicity of this framework allows us to establish a rigorous method for deriving higher-order interaction measures based on any of the pairwise interactions listed above. These generalized higher-order interaction measures enable the exploration of emergent phenomena across systems such as multiple predator effects, gene epistasis, and environmental stressors. These results provide a mechanistic basis to better account for how interactions affect biological systems. Our theoretical advance provides a foundation for understanding multi-component interactions in complex systems such as evolving populations within ecosystems or communities.
The study investigated the fracture resistance of root-filled maxillary premolars with class II cavities restored by different restorations.
A total of 55 intact maxillary premolar teeth were ...included (n = 11). G1 as positive control group, 44 teeth underwent root canal treatment, and MOD cavities were prepared. (G2) no restoration, (G3) direct composite restoration, (G4) direct composite strengthened with buccal to lingual pre-impregnated glass-fibers and (G5) ceramic inlay restoration. After thermocycling, fracture resistance test was performed and fracture type was recorded. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Chisquare test.
The mean fracture resistance was as follows: G1 had the highest fracture resistance, G2 had the lowest (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the fracture resistance values of the groups that underwent different restorations (G3, G4, G5) (p > 0.05). According to fracture type, the groups showed similar results (p > 0.05). A significant level of unrestorable fracture was detected in G5 (ceramic inlay) (p < 0.05).
All of the restoration techniques investigated herein increased the fracture strength of teeth; however, all of these values were lower than the fracture resistance of intact teeth. There were no significant differences between the fracture resistance values of the groups that underwent different restorations.
In drug-drug interactions, there are surprising cases in which the growth inhibition of bacteria by a single antibiotic decreases when a second antibiotic is added. These interactions are termed ...suppressive and have been argued to have the potential to limit the evolution of resistance. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to suppressive interactions because clinical studies typically search for increases in killing efficiency and because suppressive interactions are believed to be rare based on pairwise studies.
Here, we quantify the effects of single-, double-, and triple-drug combinations from a set of 14 antibiotics and 3 bacteria strains, totaling 364 unique three-drug combinations per bacteria strain. We find that increasing the number of drugs can increase the prevalence of suppressive interactions: 17% of three-drug combinations are suppressive compared to 5% of two-drug combinations in this study. Most cases of suppression we find (97%) are "hidden" cases for which the triple-drug bacterial growth is less than the single-drug treatments but exceeds that of a pairwise combination.
We find a surprising number of suppressive interactions in higher-order drug combinations. Without examining lower-order (pairwise) bacterial growth, emergent suppressive effects would be missed, potentially affecting our understanding of evolution of resistance and treatment strategies for resistant pathogens. These findings suggest that careful examination of the full factorial of drug combinations is needed to uncover suppressive interactions in higher-order combinations.
Temperature variation-through time and across climatic gradients-affects individuals, populations, and communities. Yet how the thermal response of biological systems is altered by environmental ...stressors is poorly understood. Here, we quantify two key features-optimal temperature and temperature breadth-to investigate how temperature responses vary in the presence of antibiotics. We use high-throughput screening to measure growth of Escherichia coli under single and pairwise combinations of 12 antibiotics across seven temperatures that range from 22°C to 46°C. We find that antibiotic stress often results in considerable changes in the optimal temperature for growth and a narrower temperature breadth. The direction of the optimal temperature shifts can be explained by the similarities between antibiotic-induced and temperature-induced damage to the physiology of the bacterium. We also find that the effects of pairs of stressors in the temperature response can often be explained by just one antibiotic out of the pair. Our study has implications for a general understanding of how ecological systems adapt and evolve to environmental changes.
The growth of living organisms varies with temperature. This dependence is described by a temperature response curve that is described by an optimal temperature where growth is maximized and a temperature range (termed breadth) across which the organism can grow. Because an organism's temperature response evolves or acclimates to its environment, it is often assumed to change over only evolutionary or developmental timescales. Counter to this, we show here that antibiotics can quickly (over hours) change the optimal growth temperature and temperature breadth for the bacterium Escherichia coli. Moreover, our results suggest a shared-damage hypothesis: when an antibiotic damages similar cellular components as hot (or cold) temperatures do, this shared damage will combine and compound to more greatly reduce growth when that antibiotic is administered at hot (or cold) temperatures. This hypothesis could potentially also explain how temperature responses are modified by stressors other than antibiotics.
Özel eğitim alanında bilimsel-dayanaklı uygulamalar her
geçen gün uzmanlar, araştırmacılar ve uygulamacılar arasında daha fazla dikkate
alınan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Horner ve ...diğerleri tarafından
2005 yılında geliştirilen bilimsel-dayanaklı uygulamaları belirlemede “Tek-Denekli Deneysel Araştırmaların
Niteliksel Göstergeleri” yönergesinin bilimsel çalışmalar niteliksel
göstergeler açısından değerlendirirken nasıl ele alınabileceği, bu göstergeler
ışığında “kabul edilebilirlik” ölçütlerini karşılayan çalışmaların nasıl belirlenebileceği
ve çalışmalarda etkisi incelenen bir uygulamanın bilimsel-dayanaklı bir
uygulama olarak değerlendirilmesi sürecinde ele alınan ölçütlerin neler olabileceği
gelişimsel yetersizliği olan bireylere matematik becerileri öğretimi konusunda
yayımlanmış çalışmalardan örnekler verilerek açıklamaktır. Çalışmanın sistematik
gözden geçirme ve meta analizi yapacak olan araştırmacılara rehberlik
edebileceği düşünülmektedir.
Evidence-based practices have become a subject of further consideration among experts, researchers and
practitioners in the field of special education in recent years. In this study, we described (a) how quality indicators
developed by Horner and colleagues (2005) for single-subject experimental research designs could be used to
determine quality of single-subject experimental research studies using studies focused on teaching mathematical
skills to individuals with developmental disabilities and (b) how these indicators could be used to determine
whether a study meets acceptability standards developed by Horner et al. For this purpose, we provided examples
of studies that met and failed to meet the quality indicators and explained in detail why the study met or did not
meet certain criteria. We expect that this study will guide researchers and practitioners who conduct or evaluate
studies and meta-analyses of studies employing single-subject experimental research designs in using quality
indicators.
Problem Statement: The reasons that people listen to music have been investigated for many years. Research results over the past 50 years have showed that individual musical preference is influenced ...by multiple factors. Many studies have shown throughout that music has been used to induce emotional states, express, activate, control emotions, relax, and communicate. It can be suggested that asking "how students shape music in their mind, the importance of music, and which genres they listen to and why" can help educators achieve their goals more easily. Purpose of Study: This study investigated the involvement of music in the lives of university students; the type of music they listen to in the university and during childhood; why they listen to music; and the emotional and social function of music. Of the students attending different departments of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Fine Arts, 322 were randomly selected to participate in this study. Open-ended questions were used to reveal their reasons for listening to music and the musical genres they prefer. Method: To reveal how often students listen to music, why they listen to music, and what type of music they listen to during university and childhood, a questionnaire with open-ended questions was used. A content analysis methodology was used to analyze the data. Findings and Results: Findings revealed that the main reasons for listening to music were enjoyment, emotional mood, peer group, and family. In addition, the majority of students reported that they listen to music between two and nine hours per day. The most preferred genres were rock, jazz, western art, and pop. The least preferred genres were Turkish musics. The preferred genres and listening frequencies were found to be different in childhood and in university. In addition, the preferred musical types of the participants were different from those their families preferred. Conclusions and Recommendations: The fact that the participants' preferred genres of music differed during adulthood and childhood and also differed from their families' preferences indicates that the family's role in the development of musical tastes is not significant. Another striking finding is that Turkish music genres are not more popular. This finding can be associated with the fact that music represents social identity. It is seen that enjoyment and emotional mood were among the main reasons for listening to music. Conclusions and Recommendations: The fact that the participants' preferred genres of music differed during adulthood and childhood and also differed from their families' preferences indicates that the family's role in the development of musical tastes is not significant. Another striking finding is that Turkish music genres are not more popular. This finding can be associated with the fact that music represents social identity. It is seen that enjoyment and emotional mood were among the main reasons for listening to music.
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