Projects have become omnipresent not only in the economy but also in our society and our lives. Projects organize and shape our actions at work, in our professional profiles and networks, and also in ...our homes and free time activities. Drawing on the philosophical cornerstone concepts of activity, time, space, and relations, this article introduces an alternative conceptualization of projects as a “human condition.” The article concludes with implications to the project management community, in terms of both project management practice and research.
The observed angular variation of the magnetic exchange coupling parameter in a series of fluoride-bridged chromium(III)-gadolinium(III) complexes is explained by DFT calculations.
With the growing urgency of addressing climate change it is increasingly important that decision makers at all levels are equipped to take efficient mitigation actions. This research evaluates the ...potential of four mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the building stock based on a case study, and these are further evaluated in terms of alignment with the remaining global emission budget and the planetary boundary for global warming. The results cover annual emissions from 2023 to 2050 across 18 impact categories, thus highlighting possible impact burden-shifting that may occur as a result of the mitigation strategies. The results show that decarbonisation of the electricity grid delivers a substantial reduction across impact categories. However, in absolute terms, this is counteracted by the increase in building stock. The results also show that current estimates for mitigation potentials are insufficient to comply with the remaining global emission budget. Thus, mitigation strategies should be even more ambitious: constructing 80% fewer new buildings and reducing operational energy demand by 80%. These findings highlight the urgency of taking multiple actions. The increase in demand for new buildings needs to be challenged. Practice relevance Present urban mitigation strategies are inadequate for meeting the stated GHG targets. To enable informed decisions it is important to quantify the effects of different strategies. Traditional life cycle assessments have static inventories and impacts can therefore not be temporarily differentiated and transparency cannot be provided on long-term potentials. This study suggests combining material flow analysis and life cycle assessment to enable integration of dynamic parameters into the life cycle inventory. This shows how the long-term effectiveness of different mitigation strategies can be evaluated. To ensure unintended burden-shifting does not occur, results cover annual emissions from 2023 to 2050 across 18 impact categories. Furthermore, this study showcases how strategies can be designed to align with global commitments such as those set by the Paris Agreement.
The nature of the magnetic interaction through fluoride in a simple, dinuclear manganese(III) complex (1), bridged by a single fluoride ion in a perfectly linear fashion, is established by ...experiment and density functional theory. The magnitude of the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction and the manganese(III) zero-field-splitting parameters are unambiguously determined by inelastic neutron scattering to yield J = 33.0(2) cm–1 (Ĥ = JŜ 1·Ŝ2 Hamiltonian definition) and single-ion D = −4.0(1) cm–1. Additionally, high-field, high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic measurements support the parameter values and resolve |E| ≈ 0.04 cm–1. The exchange coupling constant (J) is 1 order of magnitude smaller than that found in comparable systems with linear oxide bridging but comparable to typical magnitudes through cyanide, thus underlining the potential of fluoride complexes as promising building blocks for novel magnetic systems.
The use of kinetically robust chromium(III) fluorido complexes as synthons for mixed 3d-4f clusters is reported. The tendency toward linear {Cr(III)-F-Ln(III)} units dictates the cluster topology. ...Specifically, we show that reaction of cis-Cr(III)F(2)(NN)(2)NO(3) (NN = 1,10-phenanthroline ("phen") or 2,2'-bipyridine ("bpy")) with Ln(NO(3))(3)·xH(2)O produces isostructural series of molecular {Ln(2)Cr(2)} squares (1-9) with linear fluoride bridges. In a parallel fashion, fac-Cr(III)F(3)L, where L = N,N',N″-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane ("Me(3)tacn"), reacts with Nd(NO(3))(3)·6H(2)O to form a fluoride-centered penta-nuclear complex and fac-Cr(III)F(3)L', with L' = 1,1,1-tris-((methylamino)methylethane) ("Me(3)tame"), reacts with Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(2) (hfacH = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone) to yield an isostructural series of {Ln(3)Cr(2)} (10-14) trigonal bipyramids with no central ligand. The formation of the latter is accompanied by a partial solvolysis of the Cr(III) precursor but without formation of insoluble LnF(3). The magnetic properties of the gadolinium containing clusters allow quantification of fluoride-mediated, antiferromagnetic Gd-Cr exchange interactions of magnitude between 0.14 cm(-1) and 0.71 cm(-1) (Ĥ = J(12)Ŝ(1)·Ŝ(2) formalism) and vanishingly small J(Gd-Gd) of 0.06(0) cm(-1). The large spin and small anisotropy together with weak exchange interactions in the {Gd(3)Cr(2)} (11) cluster give rise to a very large magneto-caloric effect of -ΔS(m) = 28.7 J kg(-1) K(-1) (μ(0)H = 90 to 0 kOe).
A facile synthesis of the ReF62− ion and its use as a building block to synthesize magnetic systems are reported. Using dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, INS and EPR spectroscopies, the ...magnetic properties of the isolated ReF62− unit in (PPh4)2ReF6⋅2 H2O (1) have been fully studied including the slow relaxation of the magnetization observed below ca. 4 K. This slow dynamic is preserved for the one‐dimensional coordination polymer Zn(viz)4(ReF6)∞ (2, viz=1‐vinylimidazole), demonstrating the irrelevance of low symmetry for such magnetization dynamics in systems with easy‐plane‐type anisotropy. The ability of fluoride to mediate significant exchange interactions is exemplified by the isostructural Ni(viz)4(ReF6)∞ (3) analogue in which the ferromagnetic NiII–ReIV interaction (+10.8 cm−1) dwarfs the coupling present in related cyanide‐bridged systems. These results reveal ReF62− to be an unique new module for the design of molecule‐based magnetic materials.
Fluoride gaining weight: An axial perturbation of the octahedral ReF62− ion gives rise to a strong magnetic anisotropy and slow relaxation of the magnetization. The robust character of ReF62− facilitates its use as a structure‐directing magnetic building block for extended systems. The 1D coordination polymers M(viz)4(ReF6)∞ (viz=1‐vinylimidazole, M=Zn, Ni) are prepared and have pronounced magnetic interactions through the fluoride bridges.
Construction sector development: frames and governance responses Jensen, Jens S.; Gottlieb, Stefan C.; Thuesen, Christian L.
Building research and information : the international journal of research, development and demonstration,
12/1/2011, Volume:
39, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The governance of construction sector development constitutes an important policy issue in many European countries due to the increasing impact that construction as well as the built environment have ...on gross domestic product and the environment. Previous studies have discussed how national construction industries have been framed as objects of development. However, less attention has been placed on exploring how an industry is recognized and framed as an object that can be subjected to organized development activities from the viewpoint of strategically motivated actors, and how such framing activities may be governed. Based on a case study of the sector development activities in the Danish construction industry, this paper argues that governance strategies should not necessarily be designed to ensure the development of a single industrial conceptualization. First, drawing on concepts from institutional theory it is suggested that strategic framing activities aiming to conceptualize an industry as a sectoral object of development are likely to generate multiple and incommensurable representations with different and conflicting strategic implications. Second, if faced with a development agenda composed of multiple incommensurable sector representations, then the most productive governance response may be to recognize and accept their conflicting strategic implications.
La gouvernance du développement dans le secteur du bâtiment constitue un enjeu politique important dans de nombreux pays européens en raison de l'impact croissant que le bâtiment aussi bien que le cadre bâti ont sur le produit intérieur brut et sur l'environnement. Des études antérieures ont examiné comment les industries nationales du bâtiment ont été présentées comme des objets de développement. Cependant, il a été porté une moindre attention à l'étude de la manière dont une industrie est reconnue et définie comme un objet qui peut être soumis à des activités de développement organisées, du point de vue d'acteurs aux motivations stratégiques, et à l'étude de la manière dont ces activités de cadrage peuvent être régies. Sur la base d'une étude de cas portant sur les activités de développement sectoriel dans l'industrie danoise du bâtiment, cet article soutient que les stratégies de gouvernance ne devraient pas nécessairement être conçues de façon à assurer le développement d'une conceptualisation industrielle unique. En premier lieu, en faisant appel aux concepts de la théorie institutionnelle, il est suggéré que les activités de cadrage stratégique visant à conceptualiser une industrie en tant qu'objet de développement sectoriel sont susceptibles de générer des représentations multiples et incommensurables offrant des implications stratégiques différentes et contradictoires. En second lieu, en cas de confrontation à un ordre du jour du développement composé de représentations sectorielles multiples et incommensurables, la réponse la plus productive en termes de gouvernance peut être alors de reconnaître et d'accepter leurs implications stratégiques contradictoires.
systèmes d'entreprise, industrie du bâtiment, gouvernance, théorie institutionnelle, développement sectoriel, Danemark
In countries all over Europe the need for building renovation is receiving increased attention. One reason for this is an ageing building stock. Another reason is the need for more environmentally ...sustainable buildings with reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions to limit the harmful climate impact. There is at the same time a need to upgrade many buildings to improve the quality of life – social sustainability, for instance improve indoor climate; and to increase productivity in the building process to ensure affordable housing – economic sustainability.
Low productivity and frequent conflicts in the construction sector have led to an increasing interest in new forms of collaboration between the different stakeholders involved in construction projects. Development of strategic partnerships concerning a portfolio of renovation projects are seen as a promising way to achieve more sustainable building renovation for some large building clients and for companies with a high maturity in collaborative practice.
There is a large number of tools for design decision support and systems for sustainability certification of buildings, but there are not many tools and systems dedicated to building renovation. Measuring the different dimensions of sustainability is a challenge. Regulations play a central role in opening the markets for sustainable building renovation through incentive schemes, building codes, etc. Although traditional approaches to energy renovation emphasize more efficient heating and lighting systems and better insulation, there is a tendency to address the challenge more holistically by emphasizing social targets.
•Seven characteristics distinguish building renovation from a new building project.•There are not many tools and systems dedicated to planning building renovation.•Strategic partnerships can be a promising way to achieve more sustainable building renovation.•Regulations play a central role in opening the markets for sustainable building.
PDF
![[ReF6]2−: A Robust Module f...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1433-7851/small "[ReF6]2−: A Robust Module for the Design of Molecule-Based Magnetic Materials")
