The third edition of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-3) includes a new index termed List A versus Novel/Unrelated recognition discriminability (RD) on the Yes/No Recognition trial. Whereas ...the Total RD index incorporates false positive (FP) errors associated with all distractors (including List B and semantically related items), the new List A versus Novel/Unrelated RD index incorporates only FP errors associated with novel, semantically unrelated distractors. Thus, in minimizing levels of source and semantic interference, the List A versus Novel/Unrelated RD index may yield purer assessments of yes/no recognition memory independent of vulnerability to source memory difficulties or semantic confusion, both of which are often seen in individuals with primarily frontal-system dysfunction (e.g., early Huntington's disease HD).
We compared the performance of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and HD in mild and moderate stages of dementia on CVLT-3 indices of Total RD and List A versus Novel/Unrelated RD.
Although AD and HD subgroups exhibited deficits on both RD indices relative to healthy comparison groups, those with HD generally outperformed those with AD, and group differences were more robust on List A versus Novel/Unrelated RD than on Total RD.
Our findings highlight the clinical utility of the new CVLT-3 List A versus Novel/Unrelated RD index, which (a) maximally assesses yes/no recognition memory independent of source and semantic interference; and (b) provides a greater differentiation between individuals whose memory disorder is primarily at the encoding/storage level (e.g., as in AD) versus at the retrieval level (e.g., as in early HD). (JINS, 2018, 24, 833-841).
Age-related changes in temporal order memory have been well documented in older adults; however, little is known about this ability during middle age. We tested healthy young, middle-aged, and older ...adults on a previously published visuospatial temporal order memory test involving high and low interference conditions. When interference was low, young and middle-aged adults did not differ, but both groups significantly outperformed older adults. However, when interference was high, significant differences were found among all three age groups. The data provide evidence that temporal order memory may begin to decline in middle age, particularly when temporal interference is high.
Our study examined age-related differences on a new memory test assessing memory for "who," "when," and "where," and associations among these elements. Participants were required to remember a ...sequence of pictures of different faces paired with different places. Older adults remembered significantly fewer correct face-place pairs in the correct sequence compared with young adults. Correlation analyses with standardized neuropsychological tests provide preliminary evidence for construct validity. Our results offer insight into age-related changes in the ability to remember associations between people and places at different points in time using a portable test that can be administered rapidly in various settings.
•With high interference, sequence memory did not differ in older adults and PD group.•With low interference, sequence memory was better in older adults than PD group.•Both groups improved with low ...interference compared to high interference.•Interventions to lower interference may improve memory in older adults, less so in PD.
Memory for the temporal order of items or events in a sequence has been shown to be impaired in older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present study examined the effects of high and low interference on temporal order memory in individuals diagnosed with PD (n=20) and demographically similar healthy older adults (n=20) utilizing a computerized task used in previously published studies. During the sample phase of each trial, a series of eight circles were randomly presented one at a time in eight different spatial locations. Participants were instructed to remember the sequence in which the circles appeared in the locations. During the choice phase, participants were presented with two circles in two different locations and were asked to indicate which circle appeared earliest in the sample phase sequence. The two circles were separated by one of four possible temporal separation lags (0, 2, 4, and 6), defined as the number of circles occurring in the sample phase sequence between the two choice phase circles. Shorter temporal lags (e.g., 0 and 2 lags) were hypothesized to result in higher interference compared to longer temporal lags (e.g., 4 and 6 lags). The results demonstrated that on trials involving high interference, no differences were found between the two groups. However, healthy older adults significantly outperformed individuals with PD (p<0.05) on trials involving low interference. Although differences were found between the PD and healthy older adult groups, both groups significantly improved on low interference trials compared to high interference trials (p<0.001). The findings indicate that temporal order memory improves in healthy older adults and individuals with PD when interference is reduced. However, individuals with PD demonstrated poorer temporal order memory even with less interference. Therefore, temporal order memory is differentially affected by interference in healthy older adults and individuals with PD. Given that both groups did improve with lessened interference, behavioral interventions that minimize temporal interference potentially could improve memory function in older adults and to a lesser extent in individuals with PD.
Maladaptive repetitive thought (RT) is a transdiagnostic construct associated with several psychopathological disorders, including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. However, not all ...forms of RT are maladaptive. Adaptive RT is characterized by primarily positive and concrete thought content, is usually focused on the present rather than the past or future, and frequently from a self-distanced perspective. From a behavioral therapy perspective, interventions that promote adaptive RT may interrupt or decrease engagement in maladaptive RT. In this review, we explore the distinction between adaptive and maladaptive RT and examine the utility of various forms of adaptive RT. Empirical evidence for several examples of adaptive RT (e.g., savoring, reminiscing, compassion, gratitude, mantra-based intervention) are provided, with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of psychopathology or as components of empirically supported psychotherapies. Using adaptive RT therapeutically may be beneficial for those who are already predisposed to RT, either as an individual difference (e.g., neural default mode connectivity) or in response to a stressful life event. Recommendations for future research into adaptive RT and its potential utility in addressing maladaptive RT in vulnerable populations are discussed.
Piensa de nuevo: el pensamiento repetitivo adaptativo como un transdiagnóstico Tratamiento para individuos predispuestos a estilos de pensamiento repetitivosEl pensamiento repetitivo maladaptativo (PR) es un constructo transdiagnóstico asociado con varios trastornos psicopatológicos, incluyendo trastornos depresivos mayores y trastornos de ansiedad. Sin embargo, no todas las formas de PR son maladaptivas. El PR adaptativo se caracteriza por un contenido de pensamiento principalmente positivo y concreto, generalmente se encentra en el presente más que en el pasado o en el futuro, y con frecuencia desde una perspectiva autodistanciada. Desde la perspectiva de la terapia conductual, las intervenciones que promueven el PR adaptativo pueden interrumpir o disminuir la participación en PR maladaptivo. En esta revisión, exploramos la distincin entre PR adaptativo y no adaptivo y examinamos la utilidad de varias formas de PR adaptativo. Se proporcionan pruebas empricas de varios ejemplos de PR adaptativo (por ejemplo, saborear, recordar, compasión, gratitud, intervención basada en mantras), con eficacia demostrada en el tratamiento de la psicopatología o como componentes de psicoterapias con apoyo empírico. El uso terapéutico de PR adaptivo puede ser beneficioso para aquellos que están predispuestos a PR, ya sea como una diferencia individual (por ejemplo, la conectividad del modo predeterminado neuronal) o en respuesta a un evento estresante en la vida. Se analizan las recomendaciones para la investigación futura sobre el PR adaptativo y su utilidad potencial para abordar el PR desadaptativo en poblaciones vulnerables.
再想想： 适应性重复思维作为个人易患重复思维风格的跨诊断治疗不適應重複性思維（RT）是一種與多種精神病相關的跨診斷結構，包括重症抑鬱症和焦慮症。然而，並非所有形式的RT都是不適應的。自適應RT的主要特點是積極和具體的思想內容，通常側重於現在而不是過去或未來，並經常從自我疏远的角度。從行為治療的角度來看，促進適應性RT的干預措施可能會中斷或減少不適應RT的參與。在本回顾中，我們探討了適應性和不適應RT之間的區別，並考察了各種形式的適應性RT的效用。我们提供了若干种适用性RT（如体味，回忆，怜悯，感恩，基于口诀的干预等）的实证证据，并展示了其对心理病理治疗中的有效性，或作为实证支持的心理治疗的一部分的有效性。使用自適應RT治療可能有利於那些已經傾向於RT的人，無論是作為一個個體的差異（例如，神經默認模式連接）或響應緊張的生活事件。本文討論了今後對適應性RT進行研究的建議及其在解決弱勢群體不適應RT方面的潛在效用。
The present study examined age-related differences on the four false-positive (FP) error subtypes found on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition yes/no recognition memory trial and the ...influence of these subtypes on source and novel recognition discriminability (SoRD and NRD, respectively) index calculations. Healthy older (n = 55) adults generally made more FP errors than healthy young adults (n = 57). Accordingly, older adults performed worse than young adults on all SoRD and NRD indices. However, the manner in which FP error subtypes were incorporated into SoRD and NRD index calculations impacted the magnitudes of observed differences between and within the two age groups on SoRD and NRD indices. The present findings underline the importance of examining FP errors in assessments of recognition memory abilities, and using more refined indices of recognition discriminability to further elucidate the nature of age-related recognition memory impairment.
Keywords: APOE ε4; brain aging; hippocampal volume; preclinical Alzheimer's disease risk; regional white matter hyperintensities While total white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume on ...magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been associated with hippocampal atrophy, less is known about how the regional distribution of WMH volume may differentially affect the hippocampus in healthy aging. Additionally, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers may be at an increased risk for greater WMH volumes and hippocampal atrophy in aging. The present study sought to investigate whether regional WMH volume mediates the relationship between age and hippocampal volume and if this association is moderated by APOE ε4 status in a group of 190 cognitively healthy adults (APOE ε4 status carrier/non-carrier = 59/131), ages 50-89. Analyses revealed that temporal lobe WMH volume significantly mediated the relationship between age and average bilateral hippocampal volume, and this effect was moderated by APOE ε4 status (-0.020 (SE = 0.009), 95% CI, -0.039, -0.003). APOE ε4 carriers, but not non-carriers, showed negative indirect effects of age on hippocampal volume through temporal lobe WMH volume (APOE ε4 carriers: -0.016 (SE = 0.007), 95% CI, -0.030, -0.003; APOE ε4 non-carriers: .005 (SE = 0.006), 95% CI, -0.006, 0.017). These findings remained significant after additionally adjusting for sex, years of education, hypertension status and duration, cholesterol status, diabetes status, Body Mass Index, history of smoking, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Full Scale IQ. There were no significant moderated mediation effects for frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe WMH volumes, with or without covariates. Our findings indicate that in cognitively healthy older adults, elevated WMH volume regionally localized to the temporal lobes in APOE ε4 carriers is associated with reduced hippocampal volume, suggesting greater vulnerability to brain aging and the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Article Note: Funding information McKnight Brain Research Foundation; National Institute on Aging, Grant/Award Numbers: AG019610, AG025526, AG049464, AG067200; The state of Arizona and Arizona Department of Health Services CAPTION(S): Appendix S1: Supporting Information Byline: Emily J. Van Etten, Pradyumna K. Bharadwaj, Georg A. Hishaw, Matthew J. Huentelman, Theodore P. Trouard, Matthew D. Grilli, Gene E. Alexander
While total white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been associated with hippocampal atrophy, less is known about how the regional distribution of WMH volume ...may differentially affect the hippocampus in healthy aging. Additionally, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers may be at an increased risk for greater WMH volumes and hippocampal atrophy in aging. The present study sought to investigate whether regional WMH volume mediates the relationship between age and hippocampal volume and if this association is moderated by APOE ε4 status in a group of 190 cognitively healthy adults (APOE ε4 status carrier/non-carrier = 59/131), ages 50–89. Analyses revealed that temporal lobe WMH volume significantly mediated the relationship between age and average bilateral hippocampal volume, and this effect was moderated by APOE ε4 status (−.020 (SE=.009), 95% CI, −.039, −.003). APOE ε4 carriers, but not non-carriers, showed negative indirect effects of age on hippocampal volume through temporal lobe WMH volume (APOE ε4 carriers: −.016 (SE=.007), 95% CI, −.030, −.003; APOE ε4 non-carriers: .005 (SE=.006), 95% CI, −.006, .017). These findings remained significant after additionally adjusting for sex, years of education, hypertension status and duration, cholesterol status, diabetes status, Body Mass Index, history of smoking and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Full Scale IQ. There were no significant moderated mediation effects for frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe WMH volumes, with or without covariates. Our findings indicate that in cognitively healthy older adults, elevated WMH volume regionally localized to the temporal lobes in APOE ε4 carriers is associated with reduced hippocampal volume, suggesting greater vulnerability to brain aging and the risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
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