Widespread events of cork oak mortality are disturbing the system and jeopardizing cork production. This research combined techniques to analyze in detail these events on a small scale. To understand ...the dynamics of cork oak mortality and the factors associated with it, a diachronic study was performed in two farms located in Évora, Portugal. The case studies were two nearby farms suffering from tree dieback since 2000. Aerial images of the area, taken in 2004 and 2012, were processed with GIS in order to detect dead trees and to calculate tree crown cover. Slope and aspect were obtained through cartographic and topographic maps. The intersection of those maps resulted in polygons with unique values for those characteristics. Mortality index and tree crown cover were calculated for each one of them. Maps of the kernel density of tree mortality were generated to select key spots for pests and diseases field survey. Detection of soil pathogens was performed using baiting method and molecular analyses. The analysis showed that both farms had the same predisposing and inciting factors associated with tree decline, such as the soilborne Phytophthora cinnamomi, sunlight exposure or soil disking. However, the relative importance of each factor varied among farms. As a result, the dieback processes also differed, despite their similarity regarding mortality intensity. The diachronic approach associated with field survey resulted in a better comprehension of the tree dieback on a small scale and proved its usefulness in future decision-making regarding tree mortality mitigation.
Widespread events of cork oak mortality are disturbing the system and jeopardizing cork production. This research combined techniques to analyze in detail these events on a small scale. To understand ...the dynamics of cork oak mortality and the factors associated with it, a diachronic study was performed in two farms located in Évora, Portugal. The case studies were two nearby farms suffering from tree dieback since 2000. Aerial images of the area, taken in 2004 and 2012, were processed with GIS in order to detect dead trees and to calculate tree crown cover. Slope and aspect were obtained through cartographic and topographic maps. The intersection of those maps resulted in polygons with unique values for those characteristics. Mortality index and tree crown cover were calculated for each one of them. Maps of the kernel density of tree mortality were generated to select key spots for pests and diseases field survey. Detection of soil pathogens was performed using baiting method and molecular analyses. The analysis showed that both farms had the same predisposing and inciting factors associated with tree decline, such as the soilborne Phytophthora cinnamomi, sunlight exposure or soil disking. However, the relative importance of each factor varied among farms. As a result, the dieback processes also differed, despite their similarity regarding mortality intensity. The diachronic approach associated with field survey resulted in a better comprehension of the tree dieback on a small scale and proved its usefulness in future decision-making regarding tree mortality mitigation.
This problem is known as retinoblastoma. The Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor that originates in cells of the retina, which is the membrane of the eye that has sensitivity to light.
The study indicates that only after the seven years of age is that children learn to share and take into consideration the feelings of others. In the present study - if two hypotheses: the first ...claims to be impossible to convince a child to borrow the toy without using a great argument, the second that human beings "learn" to be generous with time and familiarity with the company.
Bone and joint tuberculosis (BJTB) is rare in developed countries, particularly in the paediatric population.
The clinical features and sequelae of paediatric BJTB in Europe are not well ...characterized and should be assessed to achieve a better approach.
To assess the management and outcomes of paediatric BJTB.
Longitudinal observational study of all paediatric patients (0-17 years old) diagnosed with BJTB between 2008 to 2020 in a tertiary-care hospital.
We identified 18 patients with BJTB, with a median age of 10 years (IQR 6-14.8), 66.7 % male. Most (72 %) were diagnosed after 2015 and were foreign-born (88.9 %), mainly from Portuguese-speaking African countries, and none had HIV. The most common symptoms were pain (77.8 %), fever (50 %) and bone deformity (44.4 %). Spinal TB (STB) affected 13 (72.2 %) and extra-spinal TB (ESTB) 9 (50 %) patients, and 4 (27.7 %) had both conditions. Diagnostic positive procedures included positive nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT) (44.4 %),
isolation (44.4 %) and compatible histology (33.3 %). All completed antituberculous drugs for a median of 12 months (IQR 12-13) and nine (50 %) had surgery. Overall, acute complications occurred in 16 (88.9 %) patients - 11/13 (84.6 %) with STB and 5/5 (100 %) with ESTB - and included abscesses, spinal compression, spine deformity and pathological fractures. Sequelae were still present at the 12-month follow-up in seven cases (46.7 %), and were more common in foreign-born patients sent to Portugal to receive medical treatment (66.7 vs 20 %).
Paediatric BJTB is difficult to diagnose and has high morbidity, requiring long-term follow-up. Over the last decade, foreign-born TB seems to be increasing, with still longer treatment courses and more acute complications and sequelae.
L. is a sclerophyllous tree species native to the western Mediterranean, a region that is considered highly vulnerable to increased temperatures and severe dry conditions due to environmental ...changes. Understanding the population structure and demographics of
is essential in order to anticipate whether populations at greater risk and the species as a whole have the genetic background and reproductive dynamics to enable rapid adaptation. The genetic diversity of
has been subject to different studies using both chloroplast and nuclear data, but population structure patterns remain unclear. Here, we perform genetic analyses on
using 13 nuclear microsatellite markers, and analysed 17 distinct locations across the entire range of the species. Structure analyses revealed that
may contain three major genetic clusters that likely result from isolation in refugia combined with posterior admixture and putative introgression from other
species. Our results show a more complex structure scenario than previously inferred for
using nuclear markers and suggest that different southern populations contain high levels of genetic variation that may contribute to the resilience of
in a context of environmental change and adaptive pressure.
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