Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also called porous coordination polymers, represent a class of crystalline porous materials built from organic linkers and metal ions/clusters. The unique features of ...MOFs, including structural diversity and tailorability as well as high surface area, etc., enable them to be a highly versatile platform for potential applications in many fields. Herein, an overview of recent developments achieved in MOF catalysis, including heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and eletrocatalysis over MOFs and MOF‐based materials, is provided. The active sites involved in the catalysts are particularly emphasized. The challenges, future trends, and prospects associated with MOFs and their related materials for catalysis are also discussed.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of crystalline porous materials, have allowed great progress in catalysis over the past two decades. An overview of recent developments for MOF catalysis, including heterogeneous organic reactions, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis over MOFs and MOF‐based materials, is provided. The state‐of‐the‐art and opportunities and challenges regarding MOF‐based catalysis are also discussed.
Defect engineering is a versatile approach to modulate band and electronic structures as well as materials performance. Herein, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring controlled structural ...defects, namely UiO‐66‐NH2‐X (X represents the molar equivalents of the modulator, acetic acid, with respect to the linker in synthesis), were synthesized to systematically investigate the effect of structural defects on photocatalytic properties. Remarkably, structural defects in MOFs are able to switch on the photocatalysis. The photocatalytic H2 production rate presents a volcano‐type trend with increasing structural defects, where Pt@UiO‐66‐NH2‐100 exhibits the highest activity. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy unveils that UiO‐66‐NH2‐100 with moderate structural defects possesses the fastest relaxation kinetics and the highest charge separation efficiency, while excessive defects retard the relaxation and reduce charge separation efficiency.
Volcano‐type trend: A series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) decorated with Pt nanoparticles, Pt@UiO‐66‐NH2‐X, were fabricated with increasing levels of structural defects in the MOF to investigate how defect levels affect photocatalysis. The catalysts exhibit an impressive volcano‐type trend in H2 production, maximizing at a moderate defect level.
It is highly desirable yet remains challenging to improve the dispersion and usage of noble metal cocatalysts, beneficial to charge transfer in photocatalysis. Herein, for the first time, single Pt ...atoms are successfully confined into a metal–organic framework (MOF), in which electrons transfer from the MOF photosensitizer to the Pt acceptor for hydrogen production by water splitting under visible‐light irradiation. Remarkably, the single Pt atoms exhibit a superb activity, giving a turnover frequency of 35 h−1, ≈30 times that of Pt nanoparticles stabilized by the same MOF. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy further unveils that the single Pt atoms confined into the MOF provide highly efficient electron transfer channels and density functional theory calculations indicate that the introduction of single Pt atoms into the MOF improves the hydrogen binding energy, thus greatly boosting the photocatalytic H2 production activity.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising templates to stabilize single atoms for catalysis. A porphyrinic MOF is used as template to obtain single platinum atoms for the first time. The obtained catalyst exhibits superb visible‐light photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen production and the turnover frequency value of single platinum (Pt) atoms is ≈30 times than that of MOF‐stabilized platinum nanoparticles.
In this study, we aim to explore the link between transformational leadership and job crafting. We predict that transformational leadership will stimulate employee job crafting (seeking resources, ...seeking challenges, and reducing demands) by increasing their adaptability; but that transformational leadership will be less effective when employees have higher levels of organizational identification. We collected data from 185 dyads of subordinates and supervisors. Supervisors rated their own transformational leadership and subordinates' adaptability, and subordinates rated their own job crafting and organizational identification. Results from structural equation modelling analyses partially supported our hypotheses. In general our findings suggest that transformational leadership is associated with more expansion job crafting (seeking resources and seeking challenges) via adaptability, particularly for employees with lower organizational identification. We conclude that transformational leadership is an important antecedent of employee adaptability and proactivity at work.
•The relationship between transformational leadership and job crafting was examined.•Employee adaptability was positioned as a mediator in the above relationship.•The above mediation effect was moderated by employee organizational identification.•Transformational leadership facilitates employee adaptability and proactivity.
Bimetallic metal–organic frameworks are rationally synthesized as templates and employed for porous carbons with retained morphology, high graphitization degree, hierarchical porosity, high surface ...area, CoNx moiety and uniform N/Co dopant by pyrolysis. The optimized carbon with additional phosphorus dopant exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction, which is much better than the benchmark Pt/C in alkaline media.
CO2 hydrogenation to methanol has attracted great interest while suffering from low conversion and high energy input. Herein, tiny Pd3Cu nanoparticles are confined into a metal–organic framework ...(MOF), UiO‐66, to afford Pd3Cu@UiO‐66 for CO2 hydrogenation. Remarkably, it achieves a methanol production rate of 340 μmol g−1 h−1 at 200 °C and 1.25 MPa under light irradiation, far surpassing that in the dark. The photo‐generated electron transfer from the MOF to antibonding orbitals of CO2* promotes CO2 activation and HCOO* formation. In addition, the Pd3Cu microenvironment plays a critical role in CO2 hydrogenation. In contrast to the MOF‐supported Pd3Cu (Pd3Cu/UiO‐66), the Pd3Cu@UiO‐66 exhibits a much higher methanol production rate due to the close proximity between CO2 and H2 activation sites, which greatly facilitates their interaction and conversion. This work provides a new avenue to the integration of solar and thermal energy for efficient CO2 hydrogenation under moderate conditions.
The Pd3Cu nanoparticles encapsulated into a MOF affording Pd3Cu@UiO‐66 exhibits excellent performance in CO2 hydrogenation enhanced by light irradiation. Photo‐generated electrons migrate from the linkers to activate CO2 adsorbed on Zr–oxo clusters. Then activated CO2 accepts spillover H* from Pd3Cu to complete the conversion. Significantly, the Pd3Cu spatial position plays a critical role and UiO‐66‐confined Pd3Cu greatly promotes activity.
•COVID-19-induced layoff increases survivors’ COVID-19-related stress.•COVID-19-induced layoff impact survivors’ job performance via COVID-19-related stress.•Social support moderates the impact ...COVID-19-induced layoff on COVID-19-related stress.
The COVID-19 pandemic has hit the hospitality industry hard globally, resulting in millions of employees being laid off. Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory, this study aims to empirically examine how and when COVID-19-induced layoff influences employees’ in-role and extra-role performance in the hospitality industry. We tested this model by using field data collected from 302 employees and their supervisors in China across two waves. Results revealed that COVID-19-induced layoff increases survivors’ COVID-19-related stress, which in turn leads to decreased in-role and extra-role performance. The strength of these indirect effects is mitigated by perceived family support against COVID-19. Unexpectedly, perceived organizational support against COVID-19 intensifies these indirect effects. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are further discussed.
Although multiple theories propose that team proactive personality shapes team climate for innovation, this theoretical proposition is yet to be tested by empirical studies. Drawing upon multiple ...theories (e.g., sense‐making theory and theories regarding social norms), we hypothesized a cross‐level mediation model of the effects of different operationalizations of team proactive personality on team climate for innovation, as well as individual creative performance and job crafting. We tested our hypothesized model using a 2‐wave longitudinal design collecting data from a sample of 187 employees and their supervisors nested within 38 teams from an Information Technology company. The results of multilevel mediation path analysis indicated that team proactive personality (i.e., mean, minimum, and maximum) was significantly and positively related to team climate for innovation. Further, team proactive personality at Time 1 exerted a cross‐level influence on individual creative performance (rated by supervisors) and job crafting at Time 2, through team climate for innovation. Finally, different operationalizations (mean, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation) of team proactive personality revealed differential relationships with team climate for innovation. These findings suggest that team proactive personality can influence outcomes at different levels of analyses. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Practitioner points
Team proactive personality (i.e., mean, maximum, and minimum) positively related to team climate for innovation.
Team climate for innovation positively related to both individual creativity and job crafting.
Team climate for innovation mediated the top‐down effects of team proactive personality on individual creativity and job crafting.
Employers may consider proactive personality as one criterion at the stages of selecting and staffing of team members for creative jobs and creative team projects.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a new class of crystalline porous materials, have gained extensive explorations as a highly versatile platform for functional applications in many research fields. ...This review will present an overview ranging from the structural and physical properties of MOFs to their recent application advances including gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical sensors, biomedicine, and proton conductivity. The structure–property relationships, the newly emerging research trends and the unresolved challenges of MOFs for functional applications are also discussed in detail.
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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed by organic linkers and metal nodes, are a new class of crystalline porous materials with significant application potentials. Featured with extremely high surface area, large porosity, tunable pore size, and flexible functionality, MOFs have gained extensive explorations as a highly versatile platform for functional applications in many research fields. This review presents an up-to-date summary ranging from the structural and physical properties of MOFs to their recent application advances including gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical sensors, proton conductivity, biomedicine, and others. The structure–property relationships are particularly emphasized. Finally, the newly emerging research trends of MOFs and the unresolved challenges for functional applications are discussed in detail.
Efficient hydrogen evolution via electrocatalytic water splitting holds great promise in modern energy devices. Herein, we demonstrate that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excitation ...of Au nanorods (NRs) dramatically improves the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of CoFe‐metal–organic framework nanosheets (CoFe‐MOFNs), leading to a more than 4‐fold increase of current density at −0.236 V (vs. RHE) for Au/CoFe‐MOFNs composite under light irradiation versus in dark. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the hydrogen evolution enhancement can be largely attributed to the injection of hot electrons from AuNRs to CoFe‐MOFNs, raising the Fermi level of CoFe‐MOFNs, facilitating the reduction of H2O and affording decreased activation energy for HER. This study highlights the superiority of plasmonic excitation on improving electrocatalytic efficiency of MOFs and provides a novel avenue towards the design of highly efficient water‐splitting systems under light irradiation.
Some like it hot: A composite of Au nanorods/CoFe‐MOF nanosheets (Au/CoFe‐MOFNs) was used as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Au/CoFe‐MOFNs give a four‐fold increase of current density and a much reduced activation energy upon light irradiation as a result of hot‐electron injection from plasmonic Au to CoFe‐MOFNs.
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