Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an obstacle to the electrocatalytic water splitting due to its unique four‐proton‐and‐electron‐transfer reaction process. Many methods, such as engineering ...heterostructure and introducing oxygen vacancy, have been used to improve the catalytic performance of electrocatalysts for OER. Herein, the above two kinds of regulation are simultaneously realized in a catalyst by using unique ion irradiation technology. A nanosheet structured NiO/NiFe2O4 heterostructure with rich oxygen vacancies converted from nickel–iron layered double hydroxides by Ar+ ions irradiation shows significant enhancement in both OER and hydrogen evolution reaction performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the construction of NiO/NiFe2O4 can optimize the free energy of O* to OOH* process during OER reaction. The oxygen vacancy‐rich NiO/NiFe2O4 nanosheets have an overpotential of 279 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 42 mV dec−1. Moreover, this NiO/NiFe2O4 electrode shows an excellent long‐term stability at 100 mA cm−2 for 450 h. The synergetic effects between NiO and NiFe2O4 make NiO/NiFe2O4 heterostructure have high conductivity and fast charge transfer, abundant active sites, and high catalytic reactivity, contributing to its excellent performance.
A nanosheet structured NiO/NiFe2O4 heterostructure with rich oxygen vacancies converted from NiFe LDH by Ar+ ions irradiation shows significant enhanced performance in OER, with an overpotential of 279 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 42 mV dec−1, as well as an excellent long‐term stability at 100 mA cm−2 for 450 h.
As core units of organ tissues, cells of various types play their harmonious rhythms to maintain the homeostasis of the human body. It is essential to identify the characteristics of cells in human ...organs and their regulatory networks for understanding the biological mechanisms related to health and disease. However, a systematic and comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profile across multiple organs of a normal human adult is missing.
We perform single-cell transcriptomes of 84,363 cells derived from 15 tissue organs of one adult donor and generate an adult human cell atlas. The adult human cell atlas depicts 252 subtypes of cells, including major cell types such as T, B, myeloid, epithelial, and stromal cells, as well as novel COCH
fibroblasts and FibSmo cells, each of which is distinguished by multiple marker genes and transcriptional profiles. These collectively contribute to the heterogeneity of major human organs. Moreover, T cell and B cell receptor repertoire comparisons and trajectory analyses reveal direct clonal sharing of T and B cells with various developmental states among different tissues. Furthermore, novel cell markers, transcription factors, and ligand-receptor pairs are identified with potential functional regulations in maintaining the homeostasis of human cells among tissues.
The adult human cell atlas reveals the inter- and intra-organ heterogeneity of cell characteristics and provides a useful resource in uncovering key events during the development of human diseases in the context of the heterogeneity of cells and organs.
Even though tremendous achievement has been made experimentally in the performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery, theoretical studies in this area are lagging behind due to the complexity of the ...Li–S systems and the effects of solvent. For this purpose, a new methodology is developed for investigating the 2D hexaaminobenzene‐based coordination polymers (2D‐HAB‐CPs) as cathode candidate materials for Li–S batteries via density functional theory calculations in combination with an in‐house developed charge polarized solvent model and a genetic algorithm structure global search code. With high ratios of transition metal atoms and two‐coordinated nitrogen atoms, excellent electric conductivity, and structural porosity, the 2D‐HAB‐CP is able to address all of the three main challenges facing Li–S batteries: confining the lithium polysulfides from dissolution, facilitating the electron conductivity and buffering the volumetric expansion during the lithiation process. In addition, the theoretical energy density of this system is as high as 1395 Wh kg−1. These results demonstrate that the 2D‐HAB‐CP is a promising cathode material for Li–S batteries. The proposed computational framework not only opens a new avenue for understanding the key role played by solution and liquid electrolytes in Li–S batteries, but also can be generally applied to other processes with liquids involved.
With high ratios of transition metal atoms and edge nitrogen atoms, excellent electric conductivity, and structural porosity, the 2D hexaaminobenzene‐based coordination polymer (2D‐HAB‐CP) can address all of the three main challenges of lithium—sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In addition, the theoretical energy density is as high as 1395 Wh kg−1. Therefore, the 2D‐HAB‐CP is a promising cathode material for Li–S battery.
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•A fixed potential method is used to simulate potential effects in electrochemical reactions.•Adjustes the total system charge to satisfy the applied electrode potential.•Yield ...different rate-limiting steps and overpotential
Potential not only governs the direction of electrochemical reactions, but also shapes the electronic properties of single-atom catalysts dramatically. However, it is a challenge to simulate the effects of potential theoretically. Normally, DFT calculations are performed at a constant number of electrons, not a constant voltage. In this work, we apply a new fixed-potential method (grand canonical method) in the DFT simulation to mimic the electrochemical processes, in which the total number of the electron in the system was floated to match the ‘‘applied voltage,’, or the electrode Fermi energy at the atomic level. Here, the single-atom catalysts on two-dimension substrates for the oxygen evolution reaction process are used as examples to test the fixed-potential method. This fixed-potential method changes the rate-determining step and yields an overpotential difference of as much as 0.48 V in comparison with the conventional charge-neutral method. The quantitative error in the overpotential is not as important as the qualitative error in rate-determining steps. These errors can be avoided via the fixed-charge method with the proper charge. We believe our work advances the understanding of the effects of potential on the catalytic process in real electrochemical reactions and offers practical guidance for designing catalysts.
Auger recombination is the main non-radiative decay pathway for multi-carrier states of colloidal quantum dots, which affects performance of most of their optical and optoelectronic applications. ...Outstanding single-exciton properties of CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots enable us to simultaneously study the two basic types of Auger recombination channels-negative trion and positive trion channels. Though Auger rates of positive trion are regarded to be much faster than that of negative trion for II-VI quantum dots in literature, our experiments find the two rates can be inverted for certain core/shell geometries. This is confirmed by theoretical calculations as a result of geometry-dependent dielectric screening. By varying the core/shell geometry, both types of Auger rates can be independently tuned for ~ 1 order of magnitude. Experimental and theoretical findings shed new light on designing quantum dots with necessary Auger recombination characteristics for high-power light-emitting-diodes, lasers, single-molecular tracking, super-resolution microscope, and advanced quantum light sources.