The uncertainty and intermittency of renewable energy sources pose a challenge to generation scheduling of microgrids. This paper presents a hierarchical framework to handle the uncertainty and ...realize an economic generation schedule of microgrids. The lower level combines a battery energy-storage system (BESS) with renewable energy sources, targeting maximal utilization of renewable power and minimal deviation from the schedule, to provide an optimal generation plan in the day-ahead market. The upper level minimizes the total cost of the microgrid by the genetic algorithm (GA) to yield an economic generation plan of dispatchable distributed generators (DGs) based on the lower level. Two stages of such hierarchical scheduling before and in the day gradually reduce the uncertainty, and lead the overall schedule to evolve toward a stable and economic one. The method is tested on a 14-bus microgrid system. The simulation indicates that the wind turbine and photovoltaic are gradually stabilized by BESS Besides, the operation is scheduled economically, and cheap DGs are always arranged in priority.
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown remarkable clinical efficacy against B-cell malignancies, yet marked vulnerability to antigen escape and tumor relapse exists. Here we report ...the rational design and optimization of bispecific CAR-T cells with robust activity against heterogeneous multiple myeloma (MM) that is resistant to conventional CAR-T cell therapy targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). We demonstrate that BCMA/CS1 bispecific CAR-T cells exhibit superior CAR expression and function compared to T cells that co-express individual BCMA and CS1 CARs. Combination therapy with anti-PD-1 antibody further accelerates the rate of initial tumor clearance in vivo, while CAR-T cell treatment alone achieves durable tumor-free survival even upon tumor re-challenge. Taken together, the BCMA/CS1 bispecific CAR presents a promising treatment approach to prevent antigen escape in CAR-T cell therapy against MM, and the vertically integrated optimization process can be used to develop robust cell-based therapy against novel disease targets.
China's current immunization program was revised in 2007. Some common childhood vaccines such as those for influenza, pediatric pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, varicella, and rotavirus have not ...been included in the National Immunization Program (NIP) and need to be purchased by children's guardians at their own expense. Rural areas, constrained by economic development and vaccine awareness, have a low non-NIP vaccination rate and more family medical expenses and social burden. This study aims to examine the awareness and attitude of rural parents about non-NIP vaccines and relevant factors influencing their vaccination intention to provide strategic suggestions for expanding and improving the Chinese government's NIP policy.
A qualitative method of in-depth interviews were conducted for this study. We interviewed 30 rural parents in a central Chinese village to investigate their awareness of non-NIP vaccines and their vaccination intention and behavior. All the interview data were analyzed through the Colaizzi seven-step data analysis method.
This study summarized the individual and social level factors influencing the non-NIP vaccination intention of rural parents. The individual level factors include four themes: perceived severity with physical harm, treatment consumption (cost of the treatment of the subject diseases), psychological burden, and social consequences being subthemes; perceived vulnerability with age vulnerability, medical history, immune quality (children's underlying immune status), and environmental vulnerability (sanitary condition of the rural environment) as subthemes; perceived efficacy with effect perception, psychological comfort, protective strength, and functional compensation (functions of non-NIP vaccines unreplaceable by NIP vaccines) being subthemes; and perceived cost consisting of two subthemes cost burden and adverse reaction. The social level influencing factors include the vaccination opinions in rural social networks, the accessibility of health services and vaccine products, and the guidance and promotion of vaccination policies. These factors act outside of individuals' subjective awareness and influence decisions regarding non-NIP vaccination in rural areas.
Based on these influencing factors, this study constructs a structural model for non-NIP vaccination decision-making process in rural areas of China. The results play a guiding role in directing attention to children's health, promoting non-NIP vaccination, facilitating the dissemination of vaccine knowledge in rural areas, and improving NIP policies and practices in China.
Scrupulous design and fabrication of advanced electrode materials are vital for developing high-performance sodium ion batteries. Herein, we report a facile one-step hydrothermal strategy for ...construction of a C-MoSe2/rGO composite with both high porosity and large surface area. Double modification of MoSe2 nanosheets is realized in this composite by introducing a reduced graphene oxide （rGO） skeleton and outer carbon protective layer. The MoSe2 nanosheets are well wrapped by a carbon layer and also strongly anchored on the interconnected rGO network. As an anode in sodium ion batteries, the designed C-MoSe2/rGO composite delivers noticeably enhanced sodium ion storage, with a high specific capacity of 445 mAh-g-1 at 200 mA.g-1 after 350 cycles, and 228 mAh-g 1 even at 4 A.g-1; these values are much better than those of C-MoSe2 nanosheets （258 mAh.g-a at 200 mA-g-1 and 75 mAh-g-1 at 4 A.g-~）. Additionally, the sodium ion storage mechanism is investigated well using ex situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. Our proposed electrode design protocol and sodium storage mechanism may pave the way for the fabrication of other high-performance metal diselenide anodes for electrochemical energy storage.
Lithium (Li) metal is considered as one of the most promising anode materials for next‐generation high‐energy‐density storage systems. However, the practical application of Li metal anode is hindered ...by interfacial instability and air instability due to the highly reactivity of Li metal. Unstable interface in Li metal batteries (LMBs) directly dictates Li dendrite growth, “dead Li” and low Coulombic efficiency, resulting in inferior electrochemical performance of LMBs and even safety issues. In addition, its sensitivity to ambient air leads to the severe corrosion of Li metal anode, high requirements of production and storage, and increased manufacturing cost. Plenty of efforts in recent years have overcome many bottlenecks in these fields and hastened the practical applications of high‐energy‐density LMBs. In this review, we focus on emerging methods of these two aspects to fulfill a stable and low cost electrode. In this perspective, design artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers, construct three‐dimensional conductive current collectors, optimize electrolytes, employ solid‐state electrolytes, and modify separators are summarized to be propitious to ameliorate interfacial stability. Meanwhile, ex situ/in situ formed protective layers are highlighted in favor of heightening air stability. Finally, several possible directions for the future research on advanced Li metal anode are addressed.
In this review, we summarize the feasible strategies of ameliorating interfacial stability and air stability of lithium metal anode to make it more suitable for practical applications in high‐energy‐density storage systems. Meanwhile, we propose the challenges and perspectives for the future research of lithium metal anode in high‐energy batteries.
Silicon (Si) is promising for high capacity anodes in lithium‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low working potential, and natural abundance. However, there are two main drawbacks ...that impede its further practical applications. One is the huge volume expansion generating during lithiation and delithiation progresses, which leads to severe structural pulverization and subsequently rapid capacity fading of the electrode. The other is the relatively low intrinsic electronic conductivity, therefore, seriously impacting the rate performance. In the past decades, numerous efforts have been devoted for improving the cycling stability and rate capability by rational designs of different nanostructures of Si materials and incorporations with some conductive agents. In this review, the authors summarize the exciting recent research works and focus on not only the synthesis techniques, but also the composition strategies of silicon nanostructures. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanostructures as well as the perspective of this research field are also discussed. We aim to give some reference for engineering application on Si anodes in lithium ion batteries.
The authors summarize the strategies that developed lately for improving the electrochemical performance of Si materials. Special focus in this review is the recent progresses in the rational fabrication of Si nanostructures with multiple morphologies, including nanoparticles, nanowires, thin films, and porous structures. Moreover, further improvement tactics, such as collaborating with carbonaceous materials, conductive polymers, and alloy materials are also discussed.
A dual cocatalyst system consisting of Pt and PdS combined with CdS shows exceptionally high quantum efficiency for photocatalytic H2 production. Pt and PdS act as reduction and oxidation cocatalyst, ...respectively. Junctions are formed between the cocatalysts and semiconductor. The co-loading of Pt and PdS can suppress recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, is thus held responsible for the high quantum efficiency. Display omitted
► The essentials of the exceptionally high quantum efficiency (93%) were investigated. ► The mechanism of photocatalytic course was studied by in situ measurement. ► PdS and Pt act as the oxidation and reduction co-catalysts, respectively. ► The recombination of photo-generated charges is suppressed by co-catalysts. ► Atomic junctions between the co-catalysts and CdS are formed.
The essentials of the exceptionally high quantum efficiency (93%) of photocatalytic hydrogen production on Pt–PdS/CdS have been investigated by studying the roles of the dual cocatalysts Pt and PdS in photocatalysis. In situ photoelectrochemical measurements, photoluminescence spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy characterizations indicate that the exceptionally high QE can be attributed to vital factors including PdS and Pt as the oxidation and reduction cocatalysts, respectively; the efficient utilization of the photogenerated electrons, including those at the shallow trap states of CdS, for photocatalytic reactions; and the facial charge transfer between the cocatalysts and CdS through atomic heterojunctions. Combinations of Pt with other metal sulfides and PdS with other noble metals as dual cocatalysts also show an evident synergetic effect on the activity. The co-loading of Pt and PdS on other sulfide semiconductors results in the same enhancement of photocatalytic activity. It is proposed that the crucial role of dual cocatalysts is general for photocatalysis.
Chinese adolescents encounter a lot of stressors, such as academic burden and parental pressure. However, little is known about their perception of stress. The 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) ...is a widely used instrument to measure individuals' appraisal of global stress in academic research and clinical practice. The current study aimed to evaluate the best-fit factor structure model of the PSS-10 and the measurement invariance across genders in Chinese adolescents.
A total of 1,574 Chinese senior high school students completed the PSS-10 (mean age = 15.26 ± 0.56 years, female = 54%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to determine the factor structure of the PSS-10. Multigroup CFA was carried out to test the measurement invariance of the PSS-10 across genders. A subsample (
= 1,060) answered additional questionnaires measuring stressful life events, anxiety, and depression to examine the convergent and concurrent validity of the PSS-10.
The two-factor model was supported i.e., χ
(34) = 332.224,
< 0.001; non-normal fit index (NNFI) = 0.901, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.925, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.075, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.051. Importantly, the model exhibited strong measurement invariance across female and male groups. Furthermore, the PSS-10 had adequate convergent validity for stressful life events (number:
= 0.13,
< 0.001; impact:
= 0.23,
< 0.001) and could explain incremental variance in predicting anxiety (Δ
= 0.13, β = 0.38,
< 0.001) and depression (Δ
= 0.16, β = 0.41,
< 0.001), suggesting excellent concurrent validity.
A two-factor model best fits the structure of PSS-10 among Chinese adolescents, with strong measurement invariance between gender groups, demonstrating its validity for assessing perceived stress among Chinese adolescents.
Endometriosis (EMS) is a disease that shows immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation characteristics, suggesting a role of complement system in its pathophysiology. To find out the hub genes and ...pathways involved in the pathogenesis of EMs, three raw microarray datasets were recruited from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). Then, a series of bioinformatics technologies including gene ontology (GO), Hallmark pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and gene co-expression correlation analysis were performed to identify hub genes. The hub genes were further verified by the Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot (WB). We identified 129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EMs, of which 78 were up-regulated and 51 were down-regulated. Through GO functional enrichment analysis, we found that the DEGs are mainly enriched in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, chemokine regulation, angiogenesis regulation, epithelial cell proliferation, et al. In Hallmark pathway enrichment analysis, coagulation pathway showed great significance and the terms in which included the central complement factors. Moreover, the genes were dominating in PPI network. Combined co-expression analysis with experimental verification, we found that the up-regulated expression of complement (C1S, C1QA, C1R, and C3) was positively related to tissue factor (TF) in EMs. In this study, we discovered the over expression complement and the positive correlation between complement and TF in EMs, which suggested that interaction of complement and coagulation system may play a role within the pathophysiology of EMS.
The present study aims to investigate the genotype distribution of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and variations of HPV18 and HPV58 infection among 6538 females in Luoyang city during 2019-2021. The ...overall positive rate of females with HPV infection was 12.34%, with 9.74% were infected with single HPV and 2.60% with multiple HPVs. The prevalent rate of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) was 9.85% and the top five HR-HPV genotypes were HPV52 (1.94%), HPV16 (1.93%), HPV58 (1.48%), HPV51 (1.02%) and HPVV39 (0.99%). Two peaks of HPV infections rates were observed in females aged ≤ 20 and 61-65 years old. To characterize mutations, 39 HPV18 and 56 HPV58 L1, E6 and E7 genes were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. In the HPV18 E6-E7-L1 sequences, 38 nucleotides changes were observed with 10/38 were non-synonymous mutations (5 in E6 gene, 1 in E7 gene and 4 in L1 gene). In the HPV58 E6-E7-L1 sequences, 53 nucleotides changes were observed with 23/53 were non-synonymous mutations (3 in E6 gene, 5 in E7 gene and 15 in L1 gene). Phylogenetic analysis based on L1 gene showed that 92.3% (36/39) of HPV18 isolates fell into sublineage A1 and 7.7% (3/39) belonged to A5. For HPV58, 75.0% (42/56) isolates belonged to sublineage A1 and 25.0% (14/56) were sublineage A2. There was no association between amino mutation and cervical lesions. The present study provides basic information about the distribution, genotypes and variations of HPV among females population in Luoyang city, which would assist in the formulation of HPV screening and vaccination programs and preventive strategies for HPV-attributable cancer in this region.
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