Pediatricians regularly care for children who have experienced child maltreatment. Child maltreatment is a risk factor for a broad range of mental health problems. Issues specific to child ...maltreatment make addressing emotional and behavioral challenges among maltreated children difficult. This clinical report focuses on 2 key issues necessary for the care of maltreated children and adolescents in pediatric settings: trauma-informed assessments and the role of pharmacotherapy in maltreated children and adolescents. Specific to assessment, current or past involvement of the child in the child welfare system can hinder obtaining necessary information or access to appropriate treatments. Furthermore, trauma-informed assessments can help identify the need for specific interventions. Finally, it is important to take both child welfare system and trauma-informed assessment approaches into account when considering the use of psychotropic agents because there are critical diagnostic and systemic issues that affect the prescribing and discontinuing of psychiatric medications among children with a history of child maltreatment.
Streams and rivers are significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, the magnitudes of these fluxes are uncertain, in part, because dissolved greenhouse ...gases (GHGs) can exhibit high spatiotemporal variability. Concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships are commonly used to describe temporal variability stemming from hydrologic controls on solute production and transport. This study assesses how the partial pressures of two GHGs—pCO2 and pCH4—vary across hydrologic conditions over 4 yr in eight nested streams and rivers, at both annual and seasonal timescales. Overall, the range of pCO2 was constrained, ranging from undersaturated to nine times oversaturated, while pCH4 was highly variable, ranging from 3 to 500 times oversaturated. We show that pCO2 exhibited chemostatic behavior (i.e., no change with Q), in part, due to carbonate buffering and seasonally specific storm responses. In contrast, we show that pCH4 generally exhibited source limitation (i.e., a negative relationship with Q), which we attribute to temperature‐mediated production. However, pCH4 exhibited chemostasis in a wetland‐draining stream, likely due to hydrologic connection to the CH4‐rich wetland. These findings have implications for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, which are controlled by concentrations and gas transfer velocities. At high Q, enhanced gas transfer velocity acts on a relatively constant CO2 stock but on a diminishing CH4 stock. In other words, CO2 fluxes increase with Q, while CH4 fluxes are modulated by the divergent Q dynamics of gas transfer velocity and concentration.
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N
2
O) evasion from streams and rivers is a significant, yet highly uncertain, flux in nitrogen cycle models. Most global estimates of lotic N
2
O emission assume that evasion ...rates are proportional to inorganic nitrogen inputs to a stream or river. However, many field studies do not detect relationships between lotic N
2
O evasion and dissolved nitrogen concentration, highlighting the need for better understanding of process‐based controls on this flux. This study reports 4‐yr time series of
p
N
2
O and N
2
O evasion from eight nested streams and rivers and detects an abrupt change in N
2
O dynamics associated with an intense rainstorm. This rainstorm, and the associated hydrologic flood event, pushed forested reaches across the watershed from consistent N
2
O sources to prolonged N
2
O sinks. We attribute this shift to disturbance of incomplete denitrification in the stream network and surrounding watershed, although alternate hypotheses are also discussed. There was continued availability of nitrate (
) for in‐stream processing, eliminating the possibility that
‐availability limited N
2
O production, and post‐storm N
2
O‐to‐nitrate ratios were lower than pre‐storm ratios suggesting that the large storm affected in‐situ nitrogen processing rates. The sustained period of post‐storm N
2
O undersaturation resulted in net negative evasion for five of the eight study sites in 2018, which mitigated emissions over the 4‐yr study. This nonlinear response in N
2
O dynamics illustrates the potential importance of storm events to control lotic N
2
O production and emissions.
Abstract
Streams and rivers are significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and methane (CH
4
) to the atmosphere. However, the magnitudes of these fluxes are uncertain, in part, because dissolved ...greenhouse gases (GHGs) can exhibit high spatiotemporal variability. Concentration‐discharge (
C
‐
Q
) relationships are commonly used to describe temporal variability stemming from hydrologic controls on solute production and transport. This study assesses how the partial pressures of two GHGs—
p
CO
2
and
p
CH
4
—vary across hydrologic conditions over 4 yr in eight nested streams and rivers, at both annual and seasonal timescales. Overall, the range of
p
CO
2
was constrained, ranging from undersaturated to nine times oversaturated, while
p
CH
4
was highly variable, ranging from 3 to 500 times oversaturated. We show that
p
CO
2
exhibited chemostatic behavior (i.e., no change with
Q
), in part, due to carbonate buffering and seasonally specific storm responses. In contrast, we show that
p
CH
4
generally exhibited source limitation (i.e., a negative relationship with
Q
), which we attribute to temperature‐mediated production. However,
p
CH
4
exhibited chemostasis in a wetland‐draining stream, likely due to hydrologic connection to the CH
4
‐rich wetland. These findings have implications for CO
2
and CH
4
fluxes, which are controlled by concentrations and gas transfer velocities. At high
Q
, enhanced gas transfer velocity acts on a relatively constant CO
2
stock but on a diminishing CH
4
stock. In other words, CO
2
fluxes increase with
Q
, while CH
4
fluxes are modulated by the divergent
Q
dynamics of gas transfer velocity and concentration.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) poses a significant threat due to its tendency to evade early detection, frequent metastasis, and the subsequent challenges in devising effective treatments. ...Processes that govern epithelial—mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PDAC hold promise for advancing novel therapeutic strategies. SAMD1 (SAM domain-containing protein 1) is a CpG island-binding protein that plays a pivotal role in the repression of its target genes. Here, we revealed that SAMD1 acts as a repressor of genes associated with EMT. Upon deletion of SAMD1 in PDAC cells, we observed significantly increased migration rates. SAMD1 exerts its effects by binding to specific genomic targets, including CDH2 , encoding N-cadherin, which emerged as a driver of enhanced migration upon SAMD1 knockout. Furthermore, we discovered the FBXO11-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase complex as an interactor and negative regulator of SAMD1, which inhibits SAMD1 chromatin-binding genome-wide. High FBXO11 expression in PDAC is associated with poor prognosis and increased expression of EMT-related genes, underlining an antagonistic relationship between SAMD1 and FBXO11. In summary, our findings provide insights into the regulation of EMT-related genes in PDAC, shedding light on the intricate role of SAMD1 and its interplay with FBXO11 in this cancer type.
Despite the implication of aerosols for the radiation budget, there are persistent differences in data for the aerosol optical depth (τ) for 1998–2019. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation ...of the large‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns of mid‐visible τ from modern data sets. In total, we assessed 94 different global data sets from eight satellite retrievals, four aerosol‐climate model ensembles, one operational ensemble product, two reanalyses, one climatology and one merged satellite product. We include the new satellite data SLSTR and aerosol‐climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models Phase 3 (AeroCom‐III). Our intercomparison highlights model differences and observational uncertainty. Spatial mean τ for 60°N – 60°S ranges from 0.124 to 0.164 for individual satellites, with a mean of 0.14. Averaged τ from aerosol‐climate model ensembles fall within this satellite range, but individual models do not. Our assessment suggests no systematic improvement compared to CMIP5 and AeroCom‐I. Although some regional biases have been reduced, τ from both CMIP6 and AeroCom‐III are for instance substantially larger along extra‐tropical storm tracks compared to the satellite products. The considerable uncertainty in observed τ implies that a model evaluation based on a single satellite product might draw biased conclusions. This underlines the need for continued efforts to improve both model and satellite estimates of τ, for example, through measurement campaigns in areas of particularly uncertain satellite estimates identified in this study, to facilitate a better understanding of aerosol effects in the Earth system.
Plain Language Summary
Aerosols are known to affect atmospheric processes. For instance, particles emitted during dust storms, biomass burning and anthropogenic activities affect air quality and influence the climate through effects on solar radiation and clouds. Although many studies address such aerosol effects, there is a persistent difference in current estimates of the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere across observations and complex climate models. This study documents the data differences for aerosol amounts, including new estimates from climate‐model simulations and satellite products. We quantify considerable differences across aerosol amount estimates as well as regional and seasonal variations of extended and new data. Further, this study addresses the question to what extent complex climate models have improved over the past decades in light of observational uncertainty.
Key Points
Present‐day patterns in aerosol optical depth differ substantially between 94 modern global data sets
The range in spatial means from individual satellites is −11% to +17% of the multi‐satellite mean
Spatial means from climate model intercomparison projects fall within the satellite range but strong regional differences are identified
The lysine acetyltransferase KAT6A (MOZ, MYST3) belongs to the MYST family of chromatin regulators, facilitating histone acetylation. Dysregulation of KAT6A has been implicated in developmental ...syndromes and the onset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previous work suggests that KAT6A is recruited to its genomic targets by a combinatorial function of histone binding PHD fingers, transcription factors and chromatin binding interaction partners. Here, we demonstrate that a winged helix (WH) domain at the very N-terminus of KAT6A specifically interacts with unmethylated CpG motifs. This DNA binding function leads to the association of KAT6A with unmethylated CpG islands (CGIs) genome-wide. Mutation of the essential amino acids for DNA binding completely abrogates the enrichment of KAT6A at CGIs. In contrast, deletion of a second WH domain or the histone tail binding PHD fingers only subtly influences the binding of KAT6A to CGIs. Overexpression of a KAT6A WH1 mutant has a dominant negative effect on H3K9 histone acetylation, which is comparable to the effects upon overexpression of a KAT6A HAT domain mutant. Taken together, our work revealed a previously unrecognized chromatin recruitment mechanism of KAT6A, offering a new perspective on the role of KAT6A in gene regulation and human diseases.
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