How general anesthesia (GA) induces loss of consciousness remains unclear, and whether diverse anesthetic drugs and sleep share a common neural pathway is unknown. Previous studies have revealed that ...many GA drugs inhibit neural activity through targeting GABA receptors. Here, using Fos staining, ex vivo brain slice recording, and in vivo multi-channel electrophysiology, we discovered a core ensemble of hypothalamic neurons in and near the supraoptic nucleus, consisting primarily of neuroendocrine cells, which are persistently and commonly activated by multiple classes of GA drugs. Remarkably, chemogenetic or brief optogenetic activations of these anesthesia-activated neurons (AANs) strongly promote slow-wave sleep and potentiates GA, whereas conditional ablation or inhibition of AANs led to diminished slow-wave oscillation, significant loss of sleep, and shortened durations of GA. These findings identify a common neural substrate underlying diverse GA drugs and natural sleep and reveal a crucial role of the neuroendocrine system in regulating global brain states.
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•General-anesthesia-activated neurons (AANs) are identified in hypothalamus•AANs consist mainly of neuroendocrine cells in and near the supraoptic nucleus•Activation of AANs promotes slow-wave sleep and extends general anesthesia•Inhibition of AANs shortens general anesthesia and disrupts natural sleep
Jiang-Xie et al. identified a specific group of hypothalamic neurons (AANs) commonly activated by multiple classes of general anesthetics. Stimulation of AANs potentiates slow-wave sleep and general anesthesia (GA), whereas inhibition of AANs disrupts natural sleep and destabilizes GA.
An analytical solution for the inner soil impedance of saturated soil to a horizontally vibrating large-radius pipe pile was presented. Based on the porous media theory and the assumption that the ...vertical normal stress is zero, the closed solution of the inner soil impedance of the saturated soil to the movement of the large-diameter pipe pile is obtained. This analytical solution considers the influence of saturated soil parameters on the impedance of the core soil of large-diameter pipe piles. Through numerical examples, the variation law of the inner soil impedance with pile radius, pile length, dimensionless frequency, compression coefficient, effective permeability coefficient, and porosity was analyzed and the pile radius corresponding to effective inner soil impedance is determined.
Accurately predicting drug–target interactions is a critical yet challenging task in drug discovery. Traditionally, pocket detection and drug–target affinity prediction have been treated as separate ...aspects of drug–target interaction, with few methods combining these tasks within a unified deep learning system to accelerate drug development. In this study, we propose EMPDTA, an end-to-end framework that integrates protein pocket prediction and drug–target affinity prediction to provide a comprehensive understanding of drug–target interactions. The EMPDTA framework consists of three main modules: pocket online detection, multimodal representation learning for affinity prediction, and multi-task joint training. The performance and potential of the proposed framework have been validated across diverse benchmark datasets, achieving robust results in both tasks. Furthermore, the visualization results of the predicted pockets demonstrate accurate pocket detection, confirming the effectiveness of our framework.
Abstract
The long-term use of a piezoelectric smart structure make it difficult to judge whether the structure or piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is damaged when the signal changes. If ...the sensor fault occurs, the cases and degrees of the fault are unknown based on the electromechanical impedance method. Therefore, after the principal component analysis (PCA) of six characteristic indexes, a two-component solution that could explain 99.2% of the variance in the original indexes was obtained to judge whether the damage comes from the PZT. Then LibSVM was used to make an effective identification of four sensor faults (pseudo soldering, debonding, wear, and breakage) and their three damage degrees. The result shows that the identification accuracy of damaged PZT reached 97.5%. The absolute scores of PCA comprehensive evaluation for structural damages are less than 0.5 while for sensor faults are greater than 0.6. By comparing the scores of the samples under unknown conditions with the set threshold, whether the sensor faults occur is effectively judged; the intact and 12 possible damage states of PZT can be all classified correctly with the model trained by LibSVM. It is feasible to use LibSVM to classify the cases and degrees of sensor faults.
Organophosphate insecticides have been widely used in agriculture to control insect pests and raised growing problems including insecticide resistance. According to recent studies, microbial ...symbionts play important roles in developing insecticide resistance. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris is a notorious pest of leguminous crops, harbouring diverse microorganisms in their insect midguts. However, the potential biological roles of many gut‐associated bacteria are largely unknown. In this study, we isolated a bacterial strain from the midgut of R. pedestris and identified it as Serratia marcescens based on its morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. A halo of phosphorus‐solubilizing bacteria was observed on a medium containing lecithin and an organophosphorus insecticide dimethoate. Subsequently, the microbial degradation of dimethoate was determined using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). Further analysis indicated that the S. marcescens contained organophosphorus‐degrading MBL‐fold metallo‐hydrolase gene. Additionally, we discovered that the bacterium could colonize the insect midgut stably and enhance the host survivorship when exposed to dimethoate. Our results revealed that an insect gut‐associated bacterium could degrade organophosphorus compounds, thereby reducing related insecticide toxicity to the insect hosts. These findings provided further insights into the host‐microbiota interactions underpinning the development of insecticide resistance.
The accumulation of metabolic waste is a leading cause of numerous neurological disorders, yet we still have only limited knowledge of how the brain performs self-cleansing. Here we demonstrate that ...neural networks synchronize individual action potentials to create large-amplitude, rhythmic and self-perpetuating ionic waves in the interstitial fluid of the brain. These waves are a plausible mechanism to explain the correlated potentiation of the glymphatic flow
through the brain parenchyma. Chemogenetic flattening of these high-energy ionic waves largely impeded cerebrospinal fluid infiltration into and clearance of molecules from the brain parenchyma. Notably, synthesized waves generated through transcranial optogenetic stimulation substantially potentiated cerebrospinal fluid-to-interstitial fluid perfusion. Our study demonstrates that neurons serve as master organizers for brain clearance. This fundamental principle introduces a new theoretical framework for the functioning of macroscopic brain waves.
Mode conversion and wave scattering will occur when ultrasonic guided wave (GW) propagates to the stiffener which makes the received signals complex and poorly interpretable, thus limiting the ...application of GW in damage detection of chemical milling stiffened panel (CMSP). This article proposes a deep learning (DL) model inception-convolutional neural network (Inception-CNN) to realize damage localization of CMSP. First, a model analysis was conducted to get the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric wafer, and the mode conversion at the stiffener was explored through numerical analysis. Then, the identification effect based on the conventional damage imaging method was discussed. Finally, for training the proposed DL model, the residual signals were collected as a dataset after setting damages in different zones of CMSP. The model was then trained and tested, and its performance was analyzed and demonstrated. The results indicate that S0 mode has a greater conversion degree than A0 mode at the stiffener; GWs do not propagate in the form of a uniform wavefront on CMSP and conventional damage imaging methods based on the wave propagation paths are not applicable to CMSP. The model proposed can automatically extract the signal spatial features, accurately identify the corresponding damage zone, and its accuracy reaches 94% in the testing set. As the input features increase, the classification ability of the model will be further improved. The noise interference experiment shows that the model has good noise resistance performance at noise levels below 15%, indicating the feasibility of the model for practical applications.
Biomaterials recovery from wasted activated sludge has become an increasing interesting research topic. The purpose of this study was to systemically evaluate different sludge disintegration methods ...(ultrasonic, alkaline, and thermal treatments) for protein solubilisation from waste activated sludge (WAS). Compared to control without treatment, the soluble protein concentration increased by 11, 23 and 12 times under the optimal treatment conditions (ultrasonic treatment of 1 W mL−1, alkaline treatment of pH 12 and thermal treatment at 80 °C). The increased soluble protein were significantly correlated with the release of total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total organic nitrogen (TON) in soluble EPS, and the degradation of above parameters in tightly bound EPS. For all sludge samples treated by various methods, tyrosine-like protein with molecular weight less than 20 kDa predominated, and alkaline treatment at pH 12 showed the highest protein dominance. Further surface analysis of sludge by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated this might be related with the significant protein-N conversion occurred at pH 12. The economic analysis indicated alkaline treatment at pH 12 was economically feasible with a net saving of 25.57 USD per ton wet sludge compared to conventional sludge treatment and disposal method.
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•Protein solubilisation was negatively correlated to TOC, TDN and TON in TB EPS.•Molecular weight of soluble protein was mainly less than 20 kDa for all samples.•X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate N transformation in solid.•The feasibility of method for protein recovery was assessed with economic analysis.
Summary
In rice (Oryza sativa L.), floral organ development is an important trait. Although a role for PINOID in regulating floral organ development was reported recently, the underlying molecular ...mechanism remains unclear. Here, we isolated and characterized an abnormal floral organ mutant and mapped the causative gene through an improved MutMap method. Molecular study revealed that the observed phenotype is caused by a point mutation in OsPINOID (OsPID) gene; therefore, we named the mutation as ospid‐4. Our data demonstrate that OsPID interacts with OsPIN1a and OsPIN1b to regulate polar auxin transport as shown previously. Additionally, OsPID also interacts with OsMADS16 to regulate transcription during floral organ development in rice. Together, we propose a model that OsPID regulates floral organ development by modulating auxin polar transport and interaction with OsMADS16 and/or LAX1 in rice. These results provide a novel insight into the role of OsPID in regulating floral organ development of rice, especially in stigma development, which would be useful for genetic improvement of high‐yield breeding of rice.
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