Layered kagome-lattice 3d transition metals are emerging as an exciting platform to explore the frustrated lattice geometry and quantum topology. However, the typical kagome electronic bands, ...characterized by sets of the Dirac-like band capped by a phase-destructive flat band, have not been clearly observed, and their orbital physics are even less well investigated. Here, we present close-to-textbook kagome bands with orbital differentiation physics in CoSn, which can be well described by a minimal tight-binding model with single-orbital hopping in Co kagome lattice. The capping flat bands with bandwidth less than 0.2 eV run through the whole Brillouin zone, especially the bandwidth of the flat band of out-of-plane orbitals is less than 0.02 eV along Γ-M. The energy gap induced by spin-orbit interaction at the Dirac cone of out-of-plane orbitals is much smaller than that of in-plane orbitals, suggesting orbital-selective character of the Dirac fermions.
This study investigated the effects of applying different biochars to soil on shifts in the bacterial community, the biodegradation of antibiotics, and their relationships. In total, nine biochars ...were applied to agricultural soil contaminated with 16 antibiotics. Clustering analysis showed that the responses of bacteria at the genus level to biochars were highly dependent on the biochar feedstock rather than the pyrolysis temperature. Among the antibiotics tested in the study, the biodegradation percentage was lower for tetracyclines (TCs, 6–14%) than sulfonamides (SAs, 8–26%) and quinolones (QLs, 8–24%). For specific individual antibiotics from the same class with similar structures, the high adsorption affinity of soil particles for antibiotics due to hydrophobic interactions (logKow) and electrostatic interactions (pKa) resulted in low biodegradation percentages for antibiotics in the soil. The biodegradation of TCs was affected more by the biochar type (effect size: −10% to 42%) than those of QLs (−26% to 14%) and SAs (−24% to 22%). According to the relationships determined between the bacterial taxonomic composition and biodegradation of antibiotics, Steroidobacter from the phylum Proteobacteria has significant positive correlations with the biodegradation of all SAs (p < 0.01), thereby indicating that Steroidobacter had a high capacity for biodegrading SAs. Significant positive correlations were also detected (p < 0.05) between specific genera (Iamia, Parviterribacter, and Gaiella) from the phylum Actinobacteria and the biodegradation of SAs. No significant positive correlations were found between bacterial genera and the biodegradation percentages for QLs and TCs, possibly due to the specific microorganisms involved in these biodegradation processes. The results in this study provide insights into the biodegradation mechanisms of antibiotics in soil and they may facilitate the development of strategies for the bioremediation of antibiotic-contaminated soil.
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•Biochar feedstocks significantly affected the shift of bacterial genera.•Biochars had the largest impact degrees on biodegradation of tetracyclines.•Steroidobacter significantly positively correlated with biodegradation of sulfonamides.
Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer, is renewable, biodegradable, and cost competitive. This paper reports the development of a high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with both ...contacting materials made from cellulosic materials. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are used as the raw material, and chemical reaction approaches are employed to attach nitro groups and methyl groups to cellulose molecules to change the tribopolarities of CNF, which in turn significantly enhances the triboelectric output. Specifically, the nitro‐CNF possesses a negative surface charge density of 85.8 µC m−2, while the methyl‐CNF possesses a positive surface charge density of 62.5 µC m−2, reaching 71% and 52% of that for fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), respectively. The figure of merit of the nitro‐CNF and methyl‐CNF is quantified to be 0.504 and 0.267, respectively, comparable to or exceeding a number of common synthetic polymers, such as Kapton, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyethylene. The TENG fabricated from nitro‐CNF paired with methyl‐CNF demonstrates an average voltage output of 8 V and current output of 9 µA, which approaches the same level obtained from TENG made from FEP. This work demonstrates a successful strategy of using environmentally friendly, abundant cellulosic materials for replacing the synthetic polymers in TENG development.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are chemically functionalized with nitro groups and methyl groups to engineer their tribopolarities, which in turn significantly enhances the electrical output of the triboelectric nanogenerator. The figures of merit of the nitro‐CNF and methyl‐CNF are quantified to be 0.51 and 0.28, respectively, comparable to or exceeding a number of common synthetic triboelectric polymer materials.
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) sheds into feces as nonenveloped virions but circulates in the blood in a membrane-associated, quasi-enveloped form (eHEV). Since the eHEV virions lack viral proteins on ...the surface, we investigated the entry mechanism for eHEV. We found that compared to nonenveloped HEV virions, eHEV attachment to the cell was much less efficient, requiring a longer inoculation time to reach its maximal infectivity. A survey of cellular internalization pathways identified clathrin-mediated endocytosis as the main route for eHEV entry. Unlike nonenveloped HEV virions, eHEV entry requires Rab5 and Rab7, small GTPases involved in endosomal trafficking, and blocking endosomal acidification abrogated eHEV infectivity. However, low pH alone was not sufficient for eHEV uncoating, suggesting that additional steps are required for entry. Supporting this concept, eHEV infectivity was substantially reduced in cells depleted of Niemann-Pick disease type C1, a lysosomal protein required for cholesterol extraction from lipid, or in cells treated with an inhibitor of lysosomal acid lipase. These data support a model in which the quasi-envelope is degraded within the lysosome prior to virus uncoating, a potentially novel mechanism for virus entry.
The recent discovery of quasi-enveloped viruses has shifted the paradigm of virus-host interactions. The impact of quasi-envelopment in the virus life cycle and pathogenesis is largely unknown. HEV is a highly relevant model to study these questions. HEV circulates as quasi-enveloped virions in the blood that are hidden from neutralizing antibodies. eHEV particles most likely are responsible for the cell-to-cell spread of the virus. Given the increasing concerns about persistent HEV infection and its potential for transmission via the blood supply, understanding how eHEV infects cells is important for understanding its pathogenesis and developing therapies. Our data provide evidence that eHEV uses a potentially novel mechanism for cellular entry. Several steps critical to eHEV entry were identified and may provide a basis for developing treatments for hepatitis E. Because quasi-enveloped viruses resemble exosomes, these data also may provide insights into the exosome-mediated intercellular communications.
We present the design and numerical study of a nonlinear equalizer for optical communications based on silicon photonics and reservoir computing. The proposed equalizer leverages the optical ...information processing capabilities of integrated photonic reservoirs to combat distortions both in metro links of a few hundred kilometers and in high-speed short-reach intensity-modulation-direct-detection links. We show nonlinear compensation in unrepeated metro links of up to 200 km that outperform electrical feedforward equalizers based equalizers, and ultimately any linear compensation device. For a high-speed short-reach 40Gb/s link based on a distributed feedback laser and an electroabsorptive modulator, and considering a hard decision forward error correction limit of 0.2 × 10 -2 , we can increase the reach by almost 10 km. Our equalizer is compact (only 16 nodes) and operates in the optical domain without the need for complex electronic DSP, meaning its performance is not bandwidth constrained. The approach is, therefore, a viable candidate even for equalization techniques far beyond 100G optical communication links.
•An ensemble model AdaBoost-CART is proposed to predict rock mass classification.•SMOTE is utilized to address the imbalance ratio of rock mass classifications.•The AdaBoost-CART model performs ...better than conventional machine learning methods.•The variable importance of the model is analyzed.
The real-time acquisition of surrounding rock information is important for the efficient tunneling and hazard prevention in tunnel boring machines (TBMs). This study presents an ensemble learning model based on classification and regression tree (CART) and AdaBoost algorithm to predict the classification of surrounding rock mass. Statistical indicators (i.e., mean value and standard deviation) of TBM operational parameters were calculated and used as input variables, and the rock mass classification obtained by the hydropower classification (HC) method was used as output variable. To develop the model, a database was established, consisting of 3166 samples collected from the Songhua River Water Conveyance Tunnel. The synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) was utilized to address the imbalance ratio of rock mass classifications in the database. The results of the testing set showed that the accuracy and F1-measure of AdaBoost-CART were 0.865 and 0.770, respectively, which are better than the results of the standard CART (0.753 and 0.629, respectively). The application of SMOTE improves the recall of minority classes. Compared with artificial neural networks, k-nearest neighbor, and support vector classifier, the developed AdaBoost-CART model achieves better performance. The variable importance was analyzed to distinguish key features; the results showed that rock mass boreability may not be a major consideration of the HC method. The presented model can provide significant guidance for the real-time acquisition of surrounding rock information during TBM tunneling.
Purpose
To explore the application of ECG‐guided localization technology in PICC catheterization and the clinical significance of different maps of intracavitary ECG in PICC tip localization.
Methods
...In the process of catheter placement under the guidance of ultrasound, the technique of intracavitary ECG location was used. The length of the catheter was measured on the body's surface. The amplitude of the P‐wave and the QRS‐wave groups of electrocardiograms before and during catheter placement was recorded. Nine hundred sixty‐one patients who underwent X‐ray chest film examination after catheterization were imaged on the chest film at the tip of the catheter.
Results
Eight hundred four cases had a characteristic P wave, 83.66%, of which, 331 cases (50% < P/R ≤80%) had 99.09%; 425 cases (80% < P/R ≤100%) had 99.29%; 48 cases (P/R >100%) had 100%. One hundred eighteen cases of non‐specific P wave accounted for 12.28% and 79.66% of chest radiographs, of which 72 cases of P/R <50% were 100%; 46 cases of unchanged P wave were 47.83%; 34 cases of special cases accounted for 3.54% and 55.88% of chest radiographs; five cases of interference wave accounted for 0.25%, and the chest radiographs were self‐control. The in‐place rate of the body contrast catheter was 80%.
Conclusions
The accuracy of the ECG characteristic map in guiding the location of the PICC tip is higher than that of the non‐characteristic P wave, and it has more clinical significance in locating the best position of the PICC tip.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate various biological activities and have been shown to play crucial roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, only a few coding circRNAs have been ...identified in cancers, and their roles in HCC remain elusive. This study aimed to identify coding circRNAs and explore their function in HCC.
CircMAP3K4 was selected from the CIRCpedia database. We performed a series of experiments to determine the characteristics and coding capacity of circMAP3K4. We then used in vivo and in vitro assays to investigate the biological function and mechanism of circMAP3K4 and its protein product, circMAP3K4-455aa, in HCC.
We found circMAP3K4 to be an upregulated circRNA with coding potential in HCC. IGF2BP1 recognized the circMAP3K4 N6-methyladenosine modification and promoted its translation into circMAP3K4-455aa. Functionally, circMAP3K4-455aa prevented cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HCC cells by interacting with AIF, thus protecting AIF from cleavage and decreasing its nuclear distribution. Moreover, circMAP3K4-455aa was degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome E3 ligase MIB1 pathway. Clinically, a high level of circMAP3K4 is an independent prognostic factor for adverse overall survival and adverse disease-free survival of HCC patients.
CircMAP3K4 is a highly expressed circRNA in HCC. Driven by m6A modification, circMAP3K4 encoded circMAP3K4-455aa, protected HCC cells from cisplatin exposure, and predicted worse prognosis of HCC patients. Targeting circMAP3K4-455aa may provide a new therapeutic strategy for HCC patients, especially for those with chemoresistance. CircMAP3K4 is a highly expressed circRNA in HCC. Driven by m6A modification, IGF2BP1 facilitates circMAP3K4 peptide translation, then the circMAP3K4 peptide inhibits AIF cleavage and nuclear distribution, preventing HCC cells from cell death under stress and promoting HCC progression.
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