One unique feature of quantum mechanics is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which states that the outcomes of two incompatible measurements cannot simultaneously achieve arbitrary precision. In ...an information-theoretic context of quantum information, the uncertainty principle can be formulated as entropic uncertainty relations with two measurements for a quantum bit (qubit) in two-dimensional system. New entropic uncertainty relations are studied for a higher-dimensional quantum state with multiple measurements, and the uncertainty bounds can be tighter than that expected from two measurements settings and cannot result from qubits system with or without a quantum memory. Here we report the first room-temperature experimental testing of the entropic uncertainty relations with three measurements in a natural three-dimensional solid-state system: the nitrogen-vacancy center in pure diamond. The experimental results confirm the entropic uncertainty relations for multiple measurements. Our result represents a more precise demonstrating of the fundamental uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics.
In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a pretreatment method for separating and analyzing the small amounts of biomarkers contained in topical cream formulations. Analyzing semisolid ...formulations that contain low concentrations of active ingredients is difficult. Cream formulations containing an aqueous ethanol extract of 0.1% Agrimonia pilosa is an example. Approximately 0.0013% of apigenin-7-
-glucuronide(A7OG) was contained as a biomarker in the cream. To determine the A7OG content present in the cream formulation, liquid-liquid extraction using dichlormethane was applied. In addition, the volume of the distribution liquid was measured using the peak ratios of the indicator component, A7OG, and an internal standard, baicalin. Subsequently, the A7OG content in the cream formulation was calculated. Using this time-saving method, A7OG can be simply analyzed without additional pretreatment steps, such as evaporation and reconstitution. Moreover, the validation results confirmed that this analytical method met all of the criteria. Consequently, A7OG was successfully isolated from the cream, analyzed, and quantified using the developed method.
Optimizing the spatial layout of the national territory is crucial for realizing the transformation and development of resource-oriented cities in the context of high-quality development in the new ...period. This paper takes Tongling City as a case study, based on the analysis of the historical development foundation, then uses the SD-FLUS comprehensive model to carry out a systematic analysis of the transformation in five dimensions of economy, society, population, science and technology, resources and environment, and discusses the optimization of spatial pattern under the contextual simulation. The conclusions are as follows: ① The hierarchical framework of "system-indicator-element" is not only internally interconnected, but also inextricably linked with the relationship between the various categories of the land use system. ② Decrease of cropland, forest, water, grassland, and barren decreases from the economic development, social progress, and comprehensive development, and there is a small increase in the area under the scenario of resource and environmental protection, and the direction of the change of the impervious is in the opposite direction. ③ Cultivated land is retained in situ and concentrated to a small extent, forested land is reduced to a small extent while the status quo is maintained, and the Yangtze River water system will be retained and protected to a large extent, but part of the waters of Zongyang County will give way to the expansion of construction land under the development objectives of the new county. Building land will be expanded and extended to the northeast in the original site area, while the southwest corner of the original county center will be expanded to some extent in Zongyang County to promote the county's economic development.
A divergent radical borylation of vinyl azides with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) boranes in the presence of
BuSH is described. The protocol enables the divergent synthesis of α-boryl ketones and ...borylated triazoles with excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope. Remarkably, this work shows that vinyl azides can serve as unprecedented five-atom synthons for the construction of 1,2,3-triazoles without N
extrusion.
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•Biomass derived carbon material is a potential electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution.•Metal-involved modification significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity of ...biomass-based carbon.•The challenges and future development of biomass-derived carbon applicated in hydrogen evolution are addressed.
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) involving electrocatalytic process is established as a promising and non-pollution method for hydrogen production. The cheap alternatives of precious-metal electrocatalysts with high activity and robust stability is essential for the high-scale application of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Recently, carbon-based electrocatalysts derived from biomass have attracted more and more attentions with thanks to their characteristics as low-cost, renewable, abundantly distributed and environmentally friendly. In this work, the original carbon material derived from biomass and the one doped with N and/or S as HER electrocatalysts are intensively overviewed regarding to the electrochemical performance and hydrogen yield. The overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 (η10) is generally greater than 100 mV, which is far inferior to Pt-based catalysts. Consequently, biomass-based carbon materials decorated by transition metal and/or trace amount precious metal were introduced for improving the HER performance. The synergistic effect between metals and heteroatoms can significantly enhance the electrocatalytic activity, and the smallest value of η10 is 10 mV. The limitations and challenges in this area were also addressed as (1) the in-depth investigation of conversion and electrocatalytic mechanism, (2) metal modification via in-situ growth, (3) the reproducibility for biomass transformation, and (4) the catalyst assembly with renewable energy equipment.
Pivaldehyde, which is an unwanted by-product released with engine exhaust, has received considerable research attention because of its hydrocarbon oxidations at atmospheric temperature. To gain ...insight into the conformer-specific reaction dynamics, we investigated the conformational structures of the pivaldehyde molecule in neutral (S
) and cationic (D
) states using the recently invented IR-resonant VUV-MATI mass spectroscopy. Additionally, we constructed the two-dimensional potential energy surfaces (2D PESs) associated with the conformational transformations in the S
and D
states to deduce the conformations corresponding to the measured vibrational spectra. The 2D PESs indicated the presence of only the
conformation in the global minima of both states, unlike those in propanal and isobutanal. However, comparing the IR-dip VUV-MATI spectra from two intense peaks in the VUV-MATI spectrum with the anharmonic IR simulations revealed the correspondence between the
conformer on the S
state and the measured IR spectra. Furthermore, Franck-Condon analysis confirmed that most peaks in the VUV-MATI spectrum are attributed to the adiabatic ionic transitions between the neutral
and cationic
conformers in pivaldehyde. Consequently, electron removal from the highest occupied molecular orbital, consisting of the nonbonding orbital of the oxygen atom in pivaldehyde, promoted the formyl-relevant modes in the induced cationic
conformer.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (
) is a multifunctional protein involved in DNA repair and redox regulation. The redox activity of
is involved in inflammatory responses and ...regulation of DNA binding of transcription factors related to cell survival pathways. However, the effect of
on adipogenic transcription factor regulation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of
on the regulation of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. During adipocyte differentiation,
expression significantly decreased with the increased expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (
)-
and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (
)-
, and the adipocyte differentiation marker adipocyte protein 2 (
) in a time-dependent manner. However,
overexpression inhibited
,
and
expression, which was upregulated during adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, silencing
or redox inhibition of
using E3330 increased the mRNA and protein levels of
,
, and
during adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that
inhibits adipocyte differentiation by regulating adipogenic transcription factors, suggesting that
is a potential therapeutic target for regulating adipocyte differentiation.
Localization is of great importance in mobile and wireless network applications. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) is one of the widely used localization schemes, in which the target (source) emits a ...signal and a number of anchors (receivers) record the arriving time of the source signal. By calculating the time difference of different receivers, the location of the target is estimated. In such a scheme, receivers must be precisely time synchronized. But time synchronization adds computational cost, and brings errors which may lower localization accuracy. Previous studies have shown that existing time synchronization approaches using low-cost devices are insufficiently accurate, or even infeasible under high requirement for accuracy. In our scheme (called Whistle), several asynchronous receivers record a target signal and a successive signal that is generated artificially. By two-signal sensing and sample counting techniques, time synchronization requirement can be removed, while high time resolution can be achieved. This design fundamentally changes TDOA in the sense of releasing the synchronization requirement and avoiding many sources of errors caused by time synchronization. We implement Whistle on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cell phones with acoustic signal and perform simulations with UWB signal. Especially we use Whistle to localize nodes of large-scale wireless networks, and also achieve desirable results. The extensive real-world experiments and simulations show that Whistle can be widely used with good accuracy.
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