Changing our microbiome: probiotics in dermatology Yu, Y.; Dunaway, S.; Champer, J. ...
British journal of dermatology (1951),
January 2020, 2020-01-00, 2020-01-01, 20200101, Volume:
182, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Summary
Background
Commensal bacteria are a major factor in human health and disease pathogenesis. Interest has recently expanded beyond the gastrointestinal microbiome to include the skin microbiome ...and its impact on various skin diseases.
Objectives
Here we present current data reviewing the role of the microbiome in dermatology, considering both the gut and skin microflora. Our objective was to evaluate whether the clinical data support the utility of oral and topical probiotics for certain dermatological diseases.
Methods
The PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for basic science, translational research and clinical studies that investigated differences in the cutaneous microbiome and the impact of probiotics in patients with atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, chronic wounds, seborrhoeic dermatitis and cutaneous neoplasms.
Results
Few clinical trials exist that explore the utility of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of dermatological diseases, with the exception of atopic dermatitis. Most studies investigated oral probiotic interventions, and of those utilizing topical probiotics, few included skin commensals. In general, the available clinical trials yielded positive results with improvement of the skin conditions after probiotic intervention.
Conclusions
Oral and topical probiotics appear to be effective for the treatment of certain inflammatory skin diseases and demonstrate a promising role in wound healing and skin cancer. However, more studies are needed to confirm these results.
What's already known about this topic?
The microbiome plays a role in human health and disease pathogenesis.
Probiotics can manipulate the host microbiome and may confer health benefits for patients.
Research to date has already begun to explore the utility of oral and topical probiotics for certain dermatological diseases.
What does this study add?
This review presents basic science and clinical trial data to support the role of the gut and skin microbiome in dermatology.
Current data are reviewed on the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, chronic wounds and cutaneous neoplasms.
Future probiotic interventions are proposed.
Plain language summary available online
Linked Comment: Cardenas‐de la Garza et al. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:8–9.
Root–shoot communications play important roles in plant stress responses. Here, we examined the roles of root‐sourced signals in the shoot response to heat in cucumber plants. Cucumber plants grafted ...onto their own roots and luffa roots were exposed to aerial and root‐zone heat to examine their tolerance by assessing the levels of oxidative stress, PSII photoinhibition, accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), H₂O₂and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 using immunoblotting, chlorophyll fluorescence, immunoassay, CeCl₃staining and Western blotting, respectively. Grafting onto the luffa rootstock enhanced the shoot tolerance to the heat. This enhanced tolerance was associated with increased accumulation of ABA and apoplastic H₂O₂, RBOH transcripts and HSP70 expression and a decrease in oxidative stress in the shoots. The increases in the ABA and H₂O₂concentrations in the shoots were attributed to an increase in ABA transport from roots and an increase in ABA biosynthesis in the shoots when the root‐zone and shoots were heat stressed, respectively. Inhibition of H₂O₂accumulation compromised luffa rootstock‐induced HSP70 expression and heat tolerance. These results suggest that, under heat stress, ABA triggers the expression of HSP70 in an apoplastic H₂O₂‐dependent manner, implicating the role of an ABA‐dependent H₂O₂‐driven mechanism in a systemic response involving root–shoot communication.
Summary
Cancer immunotherapy unleashing the power of host immunity on eliminating cancer cells represents a critical advance in cancer treatment; however, effective anti‐tumor responses are largely ...dampened by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging studies have revealed that physiological features in the TME, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia and low pH, established by the metabolically dysregulated cancer cells restrict anti‐tumor immunity by impeding the metabolic fitness of tumor‐infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, infiltrating immunomodulatory cells with different metabolic preferences also facilitate the establishment of the immunosuppressive TME. Therefore, deciphering the metabolic cross‐talk between immune cells and cancer cells in the TME and elucidating the impact of this process during tumorigenesis are needed to harness anti‐tumor immunity more effectively. Herein, we summarize the immunosuppressive features of TME and how these features impair anti‐tumor immunity. Moreover, we postulate how immune cells may be involved in shaping the metabolic features of cancer cells and discuss how we might improve the anti‐tumor functions of tumor‐specific T cells by rewiring their metabolic regulations.
In this review, we summarize how metabolic conflicts in the tumor microenvironment dampen host anti‐tumor immunity, and also discuss the probable contributions of immunoediting to the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with metabolic modulations for infiltrating immune cells.
Background
Increasing evidence has indicated an association between immune infiltration in gastric cancer and clinical outcome. However, reliable prognostic signatures, based on systematic ...assessments of the immune landscape inferred from bulk tumour transcriptomes, have not been established. The aim was to develop an immune signature, based on the cellular composition of the immune infiltrate inferred from bulk tumour transcriptomes, to improve the prognostic predictions of gastric cancer.
Methods
Twenty‐two types of immune cell fraction were estimated based on large public gastric cancer cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus using CIBERSORT. An immunoscore based on the fraction of immune cell types was then constructed using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model.
Results
Using the LASSO model, an immunoscore was established consisting of 11 types of immune cell fraction. In the training cohort (490 patients), significant differences were found between high‐ and low‐immunoscore groups in overall survival across and within subpopulations with an identical TNM stage. Multivariable analysis revealed that the immunoscore was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1·92, 95 per cent c.i. 1·54 to 2·40). The prognostic value of the immunoscore was also confirmed in the validation (210) and entire (700) cohorts.
Conclusion
The proposed immunoscore represents a promising signature for estimating overall survival in patients with gastric cancer.
Immunoscore predicts prognosis
Summary
We investigated the secular trends of the incidence and hospitalization cost of hip fracture in Tangshan, China. The incidence of hip fracture and the hospitalization cost were both ...increasing during the observation period.
Introduction
The present study aimed to determine sex-, age-, and fracture type-specific incidence and annual changes in hip fractures in Tangshan, China, between 2007 and 2018.
Methods
We analyzed annual hip fracture incidence using urban hospital data during 2007–2018 and calculated incidence rate/100,000 person years in each age group and sex. We assessed annual changes in incidence among people aged >60 years using linear-by-linear association tests and evaluated hospitalization costs with the Kruskal–Wallis test.
Results
During the study period, we observed an increasing proportion of hip fractures in people >60 years old from 14.2 to 22.79%. Crude hip fracture incidence increased markedly from 140.87 to 306.56/100,000 in women (
p
< 0.01) and from 124.83 to 167.19/100,000 in men (
p
< 0.01) in the age group >60 years. Type-specific analysis indicated significantly increased trends in incidence of cervical and trochanteric fractures among women and cervical fracture among men (
p
< 0.01). In people aged 36–60 years, the trend of hip fracture increased significantly in both sexes. The total and cervical-to-trochanteric ratio in men increased, with significant upward trends (
p
< 0.01). The proportion of cervical fracture was higher than that for trochanteric fracture in women, with stable levels from 2007 to 2018. Hospitalization costs for cervical and trochanteric fractures increased by 51.91% and 53.20%, respectively, during 2011–2018.
Conclusion
Tangshan will have an increasing burden on health care resources attributable to a considerable rise in hip fracture incidence and the older population. Further investigation of risk factors and subsequent implementation of effective measures to prevent hip fracture are needed.
ABSTRACT
Low environmental temperatures promote anthocyanin accumulation and fruit colouration by up‐regulating the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation in many ...fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanism by which fruit trees regulate this process in response to low temperature (LT) remains largely unknown. In this study, the cold‐induced bHLH transcription factor gene MdbHLH3 was isolated from an apple tree and was found to interact physically and specifically through two regions (amino acids 1–23 and 186–228) at the N terminus with the MYB partner MdMYB1 (allelic to MdMYB10). Subsequently, MdbHLH3 bound to the promoters of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes MdDFR and MdUFGT and the regulatory gene MdMYB1 to activate their expression. Furthermore, the MdbHLH3 protein was post‐translationally modified, possibly involving phosphorylation following exposure to LTs, which enhanced its promoter‐binding capacity and transcription activity. Our results demonstrate the molecular mechanism by which MdbHLH3 regulates LT‐induced anthocyanin accumulation and fruit colouration in apple.
The molecular mechanism by which fruit trees regulate fruit coloration in response to low temperature remains largely unknown. In this study, it was found that the apple transcription factor MdbHLH3 is regulated at transcriptional, translational and posttranlational levels by low temperature, and therefore involved in the modulation of temperature‐controlled anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration in apple.
This study investigated the extent of heavy metal accumulation in leaf vegetables and associated potential health risks in agricultural areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Total ...concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) were determined in 92 pairs of soil and leaf vegetable (flowering Chinese cabbage, lettuce, pakchoi, Chinese cabbage, loose-leaf lettuce, and Chinese leaf mustard) samples collected from seven agricultural areas (cities). The bioconcentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals from soil to vegetables were estimated, and the potential health risks of heavy metal exposure to the PRD residents through consumption of local leaf vegetables were assessed. Results showed that among the six leaf vegetables, pakchoi had the lowest capacity for heavy metal enrichment, whereas among the five heavy metals, Cd had the highest capacity for transferring from soil into vegetables, with BCF values 30-fold those of Hg and 50-fold those of Cr, Pb and As. Sewage irrigation and fertilization were likely the main sources of heavy metals accumulated in leaf vegetables grown in agricultural areas of the PRD region. Different from previous findings, soil pH had no clear effect on metal accumulation in leaf vegetables. Despite a certain degree of metal enrichment from soil to leaf vegetables, the PRD residents were not exposed to significant health risks associated with consumption of local leaf vegetables. Nevertheless, more attention should be paid to children due to their sensitivity to metal pollutants.
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•p-NiO n-WO3 heterojunction sensor, having nanosheets & nanorods structures.•Heterojunction sensors show high selectivity for acetaldehyde (20−100 ppm).•NiO:WO3 (15:85) sensor shows ...2184 % response for 100 ppm acetaldehyde at 250 °C.•Acetaldehyde gas sensing mechanism of heterojunction sensor proposed.•Excellent transient resistance response of NW2 sensor for acetaldehyde & stability study.
P-N heterojunction based chemi-resistive sensor is designed by incorporating NiO nanosheets (NSs) into WO3 nanorods (NRs) with high aspect ratio. The nanostructured NiO and WO3 were synthesized by facile hydrothermal chemical route and well-characterized by using XRD, FESEM, EDS, XPS, Raman, and elemental mapping. These two materials mixed in different weight ratio viz 5:95, 15:85, and 25:75 to fabricate the sensors named NW1, NW2, and NW3, respectively. The fabricated sensors were investigated for gas sensing properties at different operating temperatures. All the sensors revealed a high response towards acetaldehyde among various gases at 250 °C. Among these sensors, NW2 exhibited the highest response of 2184 % for 100 ppm acetaldehyde concentration at 250 °C and revealed a high response for 20–100 ppm acetaldehyde range. The NW2 sensor also showed excellent transient resistance response for different concentrations of acetaldehyde gas in real-time. The consistent response of the NW2 sensor for 100 ppm acetaldehyde was dynamically observed and confirmed remarkable repeatability in real-time. The high response and selectivity of the NW2 sensor are due to the p-n heterojunction formed at NiO and WO3 interface. The hypothesized acetaldehyde sensing mechanism was explored and the stability of the NW2 sensor was tested. This p-n heterojunction-based nanostructure can be promising to design high-performance acetaldehyde sensing application.
HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lncRNA), functions as a molecular scaffold to link and target the histone modification complexes PRC2 and LSD1, then ...reprograms chromatin states by coupling histone H3K27 methylation and H3K4 demethylation for epigenetic gene silencing to promote cancer metastasis. It is associated with poor survival in several solid cancers. In this study, we show that HOTAIR expression increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared with non-tumor tissue and is associated with metastasis, the stage and histological differentiation. In addition, overexpression of HOTAIR indicated poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in OSCC patients. Knockdown of HOTAIR by siRNA in OSCC cells decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, increased cell invasion and migration, and induced apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, significant negative correlation between HOTAIR levels and E-cadherin levels was found in OSCC tissues and cell lines, and HOTAIR contributed to the regulation of E-cadherin through binding to EZH2 and H3K27me3 with the E-cadherin promoter. Our findings suggest that HOTAIR expression is associated with OSCC and may be one of critical targets in progression and metastasis, and an indicator of poor survival in OSCC.
In the wake of recent advances in scientific research, personalized medicine using deep learning techniques represents a new paradigm. In this work, our goal was to establish deep learning models ...which distinguish responders from non-responders, and also to predict possible antidepressant treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder (MDD). To uncover relationships between the responsiveness of antidepressant treatment and biomarkers, we developed a deep learning prediction approach resulting from the analysis of genetic and clinical factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), age, sex, baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score, depressive episodes, marital status, and suicide attempt status of MDD patients. The cohort consisted of 455 patients who were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (treatment-response rate = 61.0%; remission rate = 33.0%). By using the SNP dataset that was original to a genome-wide association study, we selected 10 SNPs (including
rs4917029,
rs9419139,
rs704329,
rs6978272,
rs7954376,
rs4352778,
rs2139423,
rs2956406,
rs4810894, and
rs139863958) which were associated with antidepressant treatment response. Furthermore, we pinpointed 10 SNPs (including
rs11022778,
rs2724812,
rs12904459,
rs35864549,
rs9878985,
rs483986,
rs12046378,
rs73103153,
rs17134927, and
rs77554113) in relation to remission. Then, we employed multilayer feedforward neural networks (MFNNs) containing 1-3 hidden layers and compared MFNN models with logistic regression models. Our analysis results revealed that the MFNN model with 2 hidden layers (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.8228 ± 0.0571; sensitivity = 0.7546 ± 0.0619; specificity = 0.6922 ± 0.0765) performed maximally among predictive models to infer the complex relationship between antidepressant treatment response and biomarkers. In addition, the MFNN model with 3 hidden layers (AUC = 0.8060 ± 0.0722; sensitivity = 0.7732 ± 0.0583; specificity = 0.6623 ± 0.0853) achieved best among predictive models to predict remission. Our study indicates that the deep MFNN framework may provide a suitable method to establish a tool for distinguishing treatment responders from non-responders prior to antidepressant therapy.
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