Jinmaitong (JMT) is a prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine that is composed of 12 crude drugs. It has been used in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) for more than 30 years.
...Microglia are thought to play an important role in neuropathic pain. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of JMT against DNP and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in which the microglia and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were mainly involved.
The chemical composition of JMT was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The diabetes model was constructed using 11 to 12-week-old male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat (fa/fa). The model rats were divided into 5 groups and were given JMT at three dosages (11.6, 23.2, and 46.4 g/kg, respectively, calculated as the crude drug materials), JAK inhibitor AG490 (positive drug, 10 μg/day), and placebo (deionized water), respectively, for eight weeks (n = 6). Meanwhile, Zucker lean controls (fa/+) were given a placebo (n = 6). Body weight was tested weekly and blood glucose was monitored every 2 weeks. The mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia were assessed using mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests. After treatment, the microglia activation marker Iba-1, CD11B, CD68, neuroinflammatory mediators, and mediators of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were compared between different groups. The mRNA and protein levels of target genes were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western Blot, respectively.
We found that JMT significantly inhibited the overactivation of microglia in spinal cords, and suppressed neuroinflammation of DNP model rats, thereby ameliorating neurological dysfunction and injuries. Furthermore, these effects of JMT could be attributed to the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Our findings suggested that JMT effectively ameliorated DNP by modulating microglia activation via inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The present study provided a basis for further research on the therapeutic strategies of DNP.
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•Traditional Chinese medicine Jinmaitong improves diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in ZDF rats.•Jinmaitong inhibits microglia activation and regulates the neuroinflammatory factors and chemokines of ZDF rats.•Jinmaitong may exert its effects by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
In this paper, 3D Cu-Ce-Ox catalysts with controllable pore diameters were rationally designed and synthesized by a facile hard-template method. By controlling the hydrothermal synthesis time, ...mesoporous silica KIT-6 with different pores were prepared. Then, the 3D Cu-Ce-Ox catalysts were synthesized by nano-replication technology with KIT-6 as hard template. These catalysts expressed 3D pore structure, possessed higher pore volume and large pores, and owned more surface active sites, which were helpful for CO oxidation. When the synthesis time of KIT-6 was 24 h, this catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity. The reason was due to its relatively stronger redox ability and surface activity species. More Ce3+, Cu+ and chemical adsorbed oxygen concentration was very useful in achieving the highest catalytic performance.
In this paper, 3D Cu-Ce-Ox catalysts with controllable pore diameters were synthesized by a hard-template method. By controlling the hydrothermal synthesis time, mesoporous silica KIT-6 with different pores were prepared. The CeCu20-KIT-6-24 showed the highest catalytic activity, where CO can be fully oxidized at 65 °C and expressed excellent stability. Display omitted
•3D Cu-Ce-Ox catalysts were synthesized by a facile hard-template method.•KIT-6 with different pores was prepared by changing the hydrothermal time.•The Ce3+, Cu+ species were main activity site of Cu-Ce-Ox.•The highest catalytic activity when the hydrothermal time is 24 h.
With recent advances in machine learning, researchers are now able to solve traditional problems with new solutions. In the area of digital watermarking, deep-learning-based watermarking technique is ...being extensively studied. Most existing approaches adopt a similar encoder-driven scheme which we name END (Encoder-NoiseLayer-Decoder) architecture. In this paper, we revamp the architecture and creatively design a decoder-driven watermarking network dubbed De-END which greatly outperforms the existing END-based methods. The motivation for designing De-END originated from the potential drawback we discovered in END architecture: The encoder may embed redundant features that are not necessary for decoding, limiting the performance of the whole network. We conducted a detailed analysis and found that such limitations are caused by unsatisfactory coupling between the encoder and decoder in END. De-END addresses such drawbacks by adopting a Decoder-Encoder-Noiselayer-Decoder architecture. In De-END, the host image is firstly processed by the decoder to generate a latent feature map instead of being directly fed into the encoder. This latent feature map is concatenated to the original watermark message and then processed by the encoder. This change in design is crucial as it makes the feature of encoder and decoder directly shared thus the encoder and decoder are better coupled. We conducted extensive experiments and the results show that this framework outperforms the existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) END-based deep learning watermarking both in visual quality and robustness. On the premise of the same decoder structure, the visual quality (measured by PSNR) of De-END improves by 1.6dB (45.16dB <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\rightarrow</tex-math></inline-formula> 46.84dB), and extraction accuracy after JPEG compression (QF=50) distortion outperforms more than 4% (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">94.9\%\rightarrow 99.1\%</tex-math></inline-formula>).
Existing intervisibility analysis methods suffer from computational inefficiency due to redundant sampling points. To address this issue, we propose a new approximate method called line-of-sight ...(LoS) zoning, which leverages continuous terrain relief to identify potentially obscuring zones (POZ) of LoS. By limiting the sampling range to a much smaller POZ, the number of sampling points is significantly reduced. The optimal sampling interval of 6 is determined by striking a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy. Through experiments in both mountainous and plain areas, regardless of the height range and resolution conditions, we demonstrate the high efficiency of the LoS zoning method, especially in scenarios with a high proportion of visible LoS. To account for potential visibility errors caused by sharp peaks in the terrain, we conducted experiments under fixed time intervals to assess the calculation quality of different methods. The results show that in mountainous and plain areas, the improvement in detection rate compared to the hopping strategy method is around 4-6 times in most scenarios. This significant performance enhancement highlights the superiority of the LoS zoning method, and shows great promise in terrain avoidance, path planning in the military, and detection of dangerous targets.
•Subjective perception and objective environment comprehensive evaluation system.•The method considered the human activities, the ecological and thermal environment.•Indicators data is availability, ...accuracy, timeliness and easily spatialized.•The spatial distribution of livability was consistent with population aggregation.•The study could help planners prepare for extreme heat wave under global warming.
To support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, know the livability spatial distribution in the global arid regions, It is necessary to construct a comprehensive, accurate and timeliness spatial livability evaluation method. This study combined the perspective of subjective perceived environment and objective environmental supplying. Several parameters (land use type, traffic accessibility, vegetation coverage, available water resources, terrain (slope, altitude, and topographic relief) and land surface temperature) were chosen to form the livability evaluation system for arid urban environment. A case study was carried out based on Yinchuan City. Livability was calculated pixel by pixel and the study area was divided into five grades: Least livable, Unlivable, Generally livable, Relatively livable, and Livable. Results show that the influence of indexes on livability was as follows: LST > LUT > TA > VC > AWR >A >S > TR. Moreover, the spatial distribution of livability is highly consistent with the corresponding population distribution. The surface thermal environment of cities may decrease human comfort, which agrees with the urban development features of Yinchuan. The proposed method is demonstrated to be robust and reliable and can provide new ideas for better construction of urban environments.
In this study, a novel three-dimensional (3D)-OMm-Co
3
O
4
/SiO
2
-0.5AP (OMm = ordered macro–meso porous, AP = aluminum phosphate) monolithic catalyst was for the first time constructed successfully ...with the hierarchical Co-phyllosilicate ultrathin nanosheets growth on the surface of 3D printed ordered macropore–mesoporous SiO
2
support. On the one hand, we discovered that the construction of ordered macropore–mesoporous structures is beneficial to the diffusion and adsorption of reactants, intermediates, and products. On the other hand, the formation of hierarchical Co-phyllosilicate ultrathin nanosheets could provide more active Co
&+
species, abundant acid sites, and active oxygen. The above factors are in favor of improving the catalytic performance of benzene oxidation, and then a 3D-OMm-Co
3
O
4
/SiO
2
-0.5AP catalyst exhibited the superior catalytic activity. To explore the effect of catalysts structure and morphology, various Co-based catalysts were also constructed. Simultaneously, the 3D-OMm-Co
3
O
4
/SiO
2
-0.5AP catalyst has excellent catalytic performance, water resistance, and thermal stability in the catalytic combustion of benzene due to the strong interactions between Co
&+
species and SiO
2
in the phyllosilicate. Therefore, this study proposes a new catalyst synthesis method through 3D printing, and presents considerable prospects for the removal of VOCs from industrial applications.
Irregular geographic spatio-temporal-field data have been rapidly accumulating; however, data organizations and operations for different irregular types are often segregated, leading to systematic ...drawbacks, such as interface expansion difficulty and high coupling codes in GIS implementations. The paper proposes a unified approach to organizing and operating irregular geographic spatio-temporal-field data. The proposed approach has two components, namely 'concepts and definitions', and 'logical model'. The first component introduces the concept of primitive elements, which are formal sets of data points, to serve as the smallest building blocks in the data organization. We define the corresponding primitive elements for three prevalent irregularity types (including sparse, imbalanced, and heterogeneous). The second component utilizes object-oriented programming to support the implementation of various operators. Additionally, we develop the layered architecture to decouple data organization, operation, and visualization to assure low coupling among layers. For demonstrations, we conduct case studies to show the effectiveness of our approach. Additionally, we conduct experiments to new irregularity types and illustrate the flexibility and scalability of our approach. Comparisons with classic tensor methods and spatio-temporal analysis methods show that our approach has more comprehensive supports for different data types.
A series of CeO.sub.2-WO.sub.3/20%ATP-TiO.sub.2 catalysts were synthesized, of which attapulgite (ATP) was modified by different methods. Notably, after ATP was dissociated and acidified, the ...catalyst synthesized by the impregnation method exhibited satisfactory performance for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) NO.sub.x with NH.sub.3. In more detail, the NO conversion could reach to 88% at 240 °C and maintain above 93% in the temperature range of 280-400 °C. Subsequently, the NO conversion of the best catalyst could keep above 80% after introducing H.sub.2O and SO.sub.2, so this catalyst also had strong tolerance to H.sub.2O and SO.sub.2 performance. Besides, the results of XRD, XPS, TEM characterizations suggested that the high dispersion of active species cerium and tungsten on the surface of ATP, which played an important role in improving the SCR performance of the catalyst. In short, the surface dissociation and surface acidification of a small amount of ATP carrier can improve the catalyst catalytic performance, so it will have a broad application prospect in SCR reaction.
In our study, a series of sphere morphology of TiO
2
supports owned the different structural units, including the flower-like sphere with thin-long nanorods (TiO
2
-75), nanosheets-assembled sphere ...with broad-short nanorods (TiO
2
-50) and particle-assembled sphere (TiO
2
-30) which were synthesized with adjusting volume ratio of Titanium (IV) isopropoxide/acetic acid by solvothermal method. Subsequently, CeO
2
–WO
3
/TiO
2
catalysts were prepared by simple impregnation methods and applied for selective catalytic reduction of NO
x
with NH
3
. Notably, the TiO
2
sphere morphology gradually varied from flower-like sphere to particle-assembled sphere with the increase volume ratio of Titanium (IV) isopropoxide/acetic acid. Meanwhile, the microscopic structural units of morphology for TiO
2
support could be regularly controlled by adjusting volume ratio of Titanium (IV) isopropoxide/acetic acid. Among, the optimal flower-like sphere TiO
2
morphology with thin-long nanorods had the best catalytic performance when the volume ratio was 1:75, which could be attributed to bigger pore structure and higher specific surface area supplying enough dispersion for active ingredient, adsorption of reactants and exposure of more active sites. Meanwhile, it could be found that the redox ability and abundant surface acidity of the CeO
2
–WO
3
/TiO
2
catalyst played a critical role in catalytic activity via a series of characterizations.
