In the light of user-side energy power control requirements, a power control strategy for a household-level EPR based on HES droop control is proposed, focusing on the on-grid, off-grid and seamless ...switching process. The system operating states are divided based on the DC bus voltage information with one converter used as a slack terminal to stabilize the DC bus voltage and the other converters as power terminals. In the on-grid mode, the GCC and the HES are used as the main control unit to achieve on-grid stable operation, whereas in the off-grid mode, the PV, HES and LC are used as the main control unit at different voltages to achieve stable operation of the island network. Finally, a DC MG system based on a household-level EPR is developed using the PSCAD / EMTDC simulation platform and the results show that the control strategy can effectively adjust the output of each subunit and maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage.
Enterovirus A
(
EV-A
) species cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), threatening the health of young children. Understanding the mutual codon usage pattern of the virus and its host(s) has ...fundamental and applied values. Here, through examining multiple codon usage parameters, we found that the codon usage bias among
EV-A
strains varies and is clade-specific. EVA76, EVA89, EVA90, EVA91 and EVA92, the unconventional clade of
EV-A
strains, show unique codon usage pattern relative to the two conventional clades, including EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10,
etc.
Analyses of Effective Number of Codon (ENC), Correspondence Analysis (COA) and Parity Rule 2 (PR2),
etc.
, revealed that the codon usage patterns of
EV-A
strains are shaped by mutation pressure and natural selection. Based on the neutrality analysis, we determined the dominant role of natural selection in the formation of the codon usage bias of
EV-A
. In addition, we have determined the codon usage compatibility of potential hosts for
EV-A
strains using codon adaptation index (CAI), relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) and similarity index (SiD) analyses, and found that
EV-A
showed host-specific codon adaptation patterns in different clades. Finally, we confirmed that the unique codon usage pattern of the unconventional clade affected protein expression level in human cell lines. In conclusion, we identified novel characteristics of codon usage bias in distinct
EV-A
clades associated with their host range, transmission and pathogenicity.
The development of cemented paste backfilling (CPB) technology has made an important contribution to the mining economy. As a kind of porous material, the pore structure characteristic of cemented ...paste backfill (CPB) is strongly correlated to its mechanical properties. In this study, CPB specimens were prepared with tailings/cement ratios (T/C ratio) of 4, 6, 10 and curing durations of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. Pore structures characteristics of CPB specimens were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) was adopted to illustrate the mechanical property of CPB specimens. The coupling effects of T/C ratio and curing time on the pore characteristics of CPB as well as the effect of pore size on the UCS were analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) the microstructural integrity of CPB was highly related to the development status of the pore structure, which can be represented by micro-parameters like porosity, average pore area, etc. 2) a similar normal distribution curve was observed from the four kinds of pore structure in CPB. As the curing time increased, the peak of the pore size curve shifted left, and the peak value decreased, which means that the pore size in CPB decreased and became much concentrated; 3) the extension of the most probable pore size led to the cross-connection of pores and resulted in the fracture of CPB, which was shown as a crack on the main section.
The burden of gout is increasing worldwide, which places a heavy burden on society and healthcare systems. This study investigates the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on the gout ...prevalence from 1990 to 2019 in China, compares these effects by gender and then predicts the future burden of gout over the next decade.
The data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2019. Joinpoint regression model was employed to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) in gout prevalence, and the age-period-cohort analysis was utilized to estimate the independent effects of age, period, and cohort. ARIMA model was extended to predict the gout epidemic in 2020-2029.
In 2019, there were 16.2 million cases of gout in China, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 12.3‰ and 3.9‰ in men and women, respectively. During 1990-2019, the ASPR of gout was increasing significantly, with an average APC of 0.9%. The periods of 2014-2017 and 2001-2005 were "joinpoint" for men and women (APC: 6.3 and 5.6%). The age-period-cohort analyses revealed that the relative risk (RR) of developing gout increased with age, peaking at 70-74 years in men (RR
= 162.9) and 75-79 years in women (RR
=142.3). The period effect trended upward, with a more rapid increase in women (RR
= 2.31) than men (RR
= 2.23). The cohort effect generally peaked in the earlier cohort born in 1905-1909 for both sexes. Gout prevalence showed a strong positive correlation with the consumption of meat and aquatic products (r
= 0.966, r
= 0.953). Within 2029, the ASPR of gout was projected to be 11.7‰ and 4.0‰ in men and women, respectively.
The prevalence of gout is increasing at an alarming rate in China; thus, it is necessary to provide targeted health education, regular screening, and accessible urate-lowering therapy healthcare to prevent and protect against gout in China, particularly in older women.
Bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) is considered a highly valued non-wood forest product (NWFP) species with edible and medicinal uses in East Asia. It grows in the northeastern forests of China, ...where stand attributes and structure jointly determine its population characteristics and individuals’ growth. Mapping the regional distributions of its population characteristics can be beneficial in the management of its natural resources, and this mapping should be predicted using machine learning modeling to obtain accurate results. In this study, a total of 60 stands were randomly chosen and screened to investigate natural bog bilberry populations in the eastern mountains of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in northeastern China. Individual height, canopy cover area, and fresh weight all increased in stands at higher latitudes, and shoot height was also higher in the eastern stands. The rootstock grove density showed a polynomial quadratic distribution pattern along increasing topographical gradients, resulting in a minimum density of 0.43–0.52 groves m−2 in stands in the southern part (44.3016° N, 129.4558° E) of Heilongjiang. Multivariate linear regression indicated that the bog bilberry density was depressed by host forest tree species diversity; this was assessed using both the Simpson and Shannon–Wiener indices, which also showed polynomial quadratic distribution patterns (with a modeling minimum of 0.27 and a maximum of 1.21, respectively) in response to the increase in latitude. Structural equation models identified positive contributions of tree diameter at breast height and latitude to shoot height and a negative contribution of longitude to the bog bilberry canopy area. Random forest modeling indicated that dense populations with heavy individuals were distributed in eastern Heilongjiang, and large-canopy individuals were distributed in Mudanjiang and Tonghua. In conclusion, bog bilberry populations showed better attributes in northeastern stands where host forest trees had low species diversity, but the dominant species had strong trunks.
Reduced photosynthesis results directly from nitrogen or water deficiency in wheat plants, and leads to a decrease in grain yield. In this study, by measuring the effects of water and N deficiencies, ...both individually and combined, we characterized the responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Yumai 49–198) plants to these two deficiencies using physiological measurements and comparative proteomics. Significant decreases in grain yield and leaf photosynthetic performance were observed in all deficiency conditions, and 106 photosynthetic proteins that showed responses were identified. Nitrogen deficiency induced the least change in photosynthetic proteins, and similar changes in most of these proteins were also observed for the combined nitrogen and water deficiencies. Water deficiency induced the largest change in photosynthetic proteins and resulted in the lowest 1000-kernel weight. Severe decreases in photosynthesis in both the water-deficiency and combined N and water deficiency groups were reflected mainly in an imbalanced ATP/NADPH ratio associated with the light reaction, which influences carbon metabolism in the Calvin cycle. Photorespiration was respectively stimulated or inhibited by N or water deficiency, while suppression of photorespiratory flux and activation of nitrogen recycling were observed in the combined N and water deficiency treatments. Comparison of photosynthetic proteins between experimental sites suggested that precipitation affected linear electron flow in the photoreaction, and thus photosynthetic efficiency. Our results provide a baseline for future studies of the roles of these photosynthetic proteins in the response to N or water deficiency and their effect on 1000-kernel weight.
Biobased omega-carboxy fatty acid monomers 1,18-cis-9-octadecenedioic, 1,22-cis-9-docosenedioic, and 1,18-cis-9,10-epoxy-octadecanedioic acids were synthesized in high conversion yields from oleic, ...erucic and epoxy stearic acids by whole-cell biotransformations catalyzed by C. tropicalis ATCC20962. Maximum volumetric yields in shake-flasks were 17.3, 14.2, and 19.1 g/L after 48 h conversion for oleic acid and 72 h conversions for erucic and epoxy stearic acids, respectively. Studies in fermentor with better control of pH and glucose feeding revealed that conversion of oleic acid to 1,18-cis-9-octadecenedioic acid by C. tropicalis ATCC20962 occurred with productivities up to 0.5 g/L/h. The conversion of omega-carboxy fatty acid monomers to polyesters was then studied using immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B (N435) as catalyst. Polycondensations with diols were performed in bulk as well as in diphenyl ether. The retension of functionality from fatty acid, to omega-carboxy fatty acid monomer and to corresponding polyesters resulted in polymers with with unsaturated and epoxidized repeat units and M(w) values ranging from 25000 to 57000 g/mol. These functional groups along chains disrupted crystallization giving materials that are low melting (23-40 degrees C). In contrast, saturated polyesters prepared from 1,18-octadecanedioic acid and 1,8-octanediol have correspondingly higher melting transitions (88 degrees C). TGA results indicated that all synthesized polyesters showed high thermal stabilities. Thus, the preparation of functional monomers from C. tropicalis omega-oxidation of fatty acids provides a wide range of new monomer building blocks to construct functional polymers.
In cognitive radio (CR) networks, eigenvalue-based detectors (EBDs) have attracted much attention due to their good performance of detecting secondary users (SUs). In order to further improve the ...detection performance of EBDs with short samples, we propose two new detectors: average circulant matrix-based Roy’s largest root test (ACM-RLRT) and average circulant matrix-based generalized likelihood ratio test (ACM-GLRT). In the proposed method, the circulant matrix of samples at each time instant from SUs is calculated, and then, the covariance matrix of the circulant matrix is averaged over a short period of time. The eigenvalues of the achieved average circulant matrix (ACM) are used to build our proposed detectors. Using a circulant matrix can improve the dominant eigenvalue of covariance matrix of signals and also the detection performance of EBDs even with short samples. The probability distribution functions of the detectors undernull hypothesis are analyzed, and the asymptotic expressions for the false-alarm and thresholds of two proposed detectors are derived, respectively. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed detectors.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disease that is typically diagnosed in pregnant women. The current study was aimed at disclosing the salutary activities of eupatilin against ...streptozotocin (STZ)-induced GDM in rats. The pregnant rats were induced with GDM and then treated with eupatilin for 20 days. The bodyweight, pup numbers and survival, glucose, and insulin levels were estimated. The levels of biochemical markers, antioxidants, and lipid profiles were measured using kits. The histopathological analysis was done on the pancreas and liver tissues. The eupatilin effectively reduced glucose and boosted insulin levels in the GDM rats. The pup numbers and their survival index were increased by the eupatilin treatment. The lipase, creatinine, AST, ALT, and urea levels were effectively reduced by the eupatilin in the GDM rats. Eupatilin treatment also decreased oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant levels and reducing inflammatory cytokine levels in the GDM rats. The cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels were effectively decreased, and HDL was elevated by eupatilin. The results of histopathological analysis of both liver and pancreatic tissues also demonstrated the therapeutic properties of eupatilin. In conclusion, the current results prove that eupatilin can be an effective salutary candidate to treat GDM.
The objectives of this study were to prospectively 1) explore the characteristics and enhanced patterns of carotid body tumors (CBTs) at color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) and contrast-enhanced ...ultrasonography (CEUS) qualitatively and quantitatively and 2) compare CDU and CEUS for their morphology and vascularity signature.
CDU and CEUS with Sonovue
were used to evaluate 25 CBT lesions. The comparison between these ultrasonic modalities included the size, Shamblin type, vascularity, and feeding vessels of the lesion areas. The time-intensity curve (TIC) analysis was used to obtain the dynamics of the contrast-enhancement features of CBTs.
The TIC analysis presented a fast wash-in wash-in time: 3.00 ± 1.10 s, mean ± SD and slow wash-out wash-out time: 58.79 ± 24.21 s, mean ± SD pattern in the CBT lesions, with a high area under the curve (AUC) of 669.68 ± 143.46 mm
(mean ± SD). In comparison with CDU, CEUS was superior in identifying Shamblin type I or III CBT lesions (χ
= 17.389, p=0.002). It detected a significant difference in the AUC between moderate and marked vascularity groups (563.33 ± 102.63 vs. 707.22 ± 138.81, t=-2.311, p=0.031.), while CDU observed no significant difference between these two groups. Although CDU was more sensitive than CEUS in detecting feeding vessels (100% vs. 88%), CEUS better visualized the origins of feeding vessels (χ
= 9.162, p=0.010).
CEUS can better investigate the Shamblin type and vascularity of CBT lesions than CDU. CBTs displayed a fast wash-in, slow wash-out pattern with high AUC in the TIC analysis in the CEUS mode. CDU is more sensitive in detecting feeding vessels than CEUS, while CEUS can better visualize the origins of feeding vessels.
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