As the central hub in the secretory and endocytic pathways, the Golgi apparatus continually receives the flow of cargos and serves as a major processing station in the cell. Due to its dynamic ...nature, a sophisticated and constantly remodeling mechanism needs to be set up to maintain the Golgi architecture and function in the non-stop trafficking of proteins and lipids. Abundant evidence has been accumulated that a well-organized Golgi structure is required for its proper functions, especially protein glycosylation. Remarkably, altered glycosylation has been a hallmark of most cancer cells. To understand the causes of Golgi defects in cancer, efforts have been made to characterize Golgi structural proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of crucial Golgi structural proteins and their connections with tumor progression. We foresee that understanding the Golgi structural and functional defects may help solve the puzzle of whether glycosylation defect is a cause or effect of oncogenesis.
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous modification that occurs on proteins and lipids in all living cells. Consistent with their high complexity, glycans play crucial biological roles in protein quality ...control and recognition events. Asparagine-linked protein N-glycosylation, the most complex glycosylation, initiates in the endoplasmic reticulum and matures in the Golgi apparatus. This process not only requires an accurate distribution of processing machineries, such as glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and nucleotide sugar transporters, but also needs an efficient and well-organized factory that is responsible for the fidelity and quality control of sugar chain processing. In addition, accurate glycosylation must occur in coordination with protein trafficking and sorting. These activities are carried out by the Golgi apparatus, a membrane organelle in the center of the secretory pathway. To accomplish these tasks, the Golgi has developed into a unique stacked structure of closely aligned, flattened cisternae in which Golgi enzymes reside; in mammalian cells, dozens of Golgi stacks are often laterally linked into a ribbon-like structure. Here, we review our current knowledge of how the Golgi structure is formed and why its formation is required for accurate glycosylation, with the focus on how the Golgi stacking factors GRASP55 and GRASP65 generate the Golgi structure and how the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex maintains Golgi enzymes in different Golgi subcompartments by retrograde protein trafficking.
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•The Golgi is the central organelle for protein trafficking and glycosylation.•GRASPs play essential roles in Golgi structure formation.•Golgi stack formation decelerates protein trafficking.•Golgi stack formation ensures accurate protein glycosylation.•COGs target glycosylation enzymes to the precise locations in the Golgi stack.
•We proposed and empirically tested an autonomous vehicle (AV) acceptance model.•Trust was the most critical factor in promoting AV acceptance.•Perceived safety risk had a negative effect on AV ...acceptance through trust.•Perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) were significant factors.•The effects of PEOU and PU were weaker compared to trust.
The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting users’ acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs, Level 3). A theoretical acceptance model was proposed by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with new constructs: initial trust and two types of perceived risk (i.e., perceived safety risk PSR and perceived privacy risk PPR). It was hypothesized that initial trust was built upon perception factors (i.e., perceived usefulness PU, perceived ease of use PEOU, PSR, and PPR) and was a key determinant of AV acceptance. The validity of the model was confirmed with a structure equation modeling analysis based on data collected from 216 survey samples. Results revealed that initial trust was the most critical factor in promoting a positive attitude towards AVs, which, together with PU, determined users’ intention to use AVs. Initial trust could be enhanced by improving PU and reducing PSR associated with AVs. Theoretically, these findings suggest that initial trust offers another and probably more important pathway for other factors to impact consumers’ adoption of systems with uncertainty. Practically, the findings provide guidance for designing interventions aimed at improving public’s acceptance towards AVs.
Energy crisis is one of the most urgent and critical issues in our modern society. Currently, there is an increasing demand for efficient, low‐cost, light‐weight, flexible and environmentally benign, ...small‐, medium‐, and large‐scale energy storage devices, which can be used to power smart grids, portable electronic devices, and electric vehicles. Novel electrode materials, with a high energy density at high power are urgently needed for realizing high‐performance energy storage devices. The recent development in the field of 2D materials, including both graphene and other layered systems, has shown promise for a wide range of applications. In particular, graphene analogues, due to their remarkable electrochemical properties, have shown great potential in energy‐related applications. This review aims at providing an overview of current research and important advances on the development of 2D materials beyond graphene for supercapacitors and batteries. The major challenges to be tackled, and more generally the future directions in the field, are also highlighted.
Graphene analogues (GAs) with remarkable electrochemical properties show great potential in energy‐related applications. Here, an overview of current research and important advances on the development of 2D materials beyond graphene for supercapacitors and batteries is provided. The major challenges to be tackled, and more generally the future directions in the field, are also highlighted.
Low temperatures affect plant growth, development, productivity, and ecological distribution. Expression of the C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) transcription factors is induced by cold stress, which in ...turn activates downstream cold-responsive (COR) genes that are required for the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) is a master regulator of CBFs, and ICE1 stability is crucial for its function. However, the regulation of ICE1 is not well understood. Here, we report that mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 interact with and phosphorylate ICE1, which reduces its stability and transcriptional activity. Consistently, the mpk3 and mpk6 single mutants and the mpk3 mpk6 double mutants show enhanced freezing tolerance, whereas MPK3/MPK6 activation attenuates freezing tolerance. Phosphor-inactive mutations of ICE1 complement freezing sensitivity in the ice1-2 mutant. These combined results indicate that MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylate and destabilize ICE1, which negatively regulates CBF expression and freezing tolerance in plants.
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•Cold activates mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6•MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylate and destabilize the ICE1 protein•MPK3/MPK6 activation attenuates plant freezing tolerance
ICE1 is a key regulator of the cold-activated CBF transcription factors in plants. Li et al. show that cold-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate the ICE1 protein to reduce its stability and transcriptional activity, which consequently negatively regulates CBF expression and freezing tolerance in plants.
Tracking Retail Investor Activity BOEHMER, EKKEHART; JONES, CHARLES M.; ZHANG, XIAOYAN ...
The Journal of finance (New York),
October 2021, Volume:
76, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
ABSTRACT
We provide an easy method to identify marketable retail purchases and sales using recent, publicly available U.S. equity transactions data. Individual stocks with net buying by retail ...investors outperform stocks with negative imbalances by approximately 10 bps over the following week. Less than half of the predictive power of marketable retail order imbalance is attributable to order flow persistence, while the rest cannot be explained by contrarian trading (proxy for liquidity provision) or public news sentiment. There is suggestive, but only suggestive, evidence that retail marketable orders might contain firm‐level information that is not yet incorporated into prices.
Cold stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. The C-repeat binding factor/DRE binding factor 1 （CBF/DREB1） transcriptional regulatory cascade has ...been shown to play important roles in plant response to cold. Here we demonstrate that two key components of brassinosteroid （BR） signaling modulate freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis plants. The loss-of-function mutant of the GSK3-1ike kinases involved in BR signaling, bin2-3 bill bil2, showed increased freezing tolerance, whereas overexpression of BIN2 resulted in hypersensitivity to freezing stress under both non-acclimated and acclimated conditions. By contrast, gain-of-function mutants of the transcription factors BZR1 and BES1 displayed enhanced freezing tolerance, and consistently cold treatment could induce the accumulation of dephosphorylated BZR1. Biochemical and genetic analyses showed that BZR1 acts upstream of CBF1 and CBF2 to directly regulate their expression. Moreover, we found that BZR1 also regulated other COR genes uncoupled with CBFs, such as WKRY6, PYL6, SOCl, JMT, and SAG21, to modulate plant response to cold stress. Consistently, wrky6 mutants showed decreased freezing tolerance. Taken together, our results indicate that BZR1 positively modulates plant freezing tolerance through CBF-dependent and CBF-independent pathways.
Multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials offer routes towards the realization of smart and high-performing (opto)electronic (nano)devices, sensors and logic gates. Meanwhile photochromic molecules ...exhibit reversible transformation between two forms, induced by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. By combining carbon-based nanomaterials with photochromic molecules, one can achieve reversible changes in geometrical structure, electronic properties and nanoscale mechanics triggering by light. This thus enables a reversible modulation of numerous physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based nanomaterials towards the fabrication of cognitive devices. This review examines the state of the art with respect to these responsive materials, and seeks to identify future directions for investigation.
Owing to their tunable direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, and unique in‐plane anisotropic structure, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) have emerged as one of the most important ...candidates among the 2D materials beyond graphene. However, the poor ambient stability of black phosphorus limits its practical application, due to the chemical degradation of phosphorus atoms to phosphorus oxides in the presence of oxygen and/or water. Chemical functionalization is demonstrated as an efficient approach to enhance the ambient stability of BPNSs. Herein, various covalent strategies including radical addition, nitrene addition, nucleophilic substitution, and metal coordination are summarized. In addition, efficient noncovalent functionalization methods such as van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, and cation–π interactions are described in detail. Furthermore, the preparations, characterization, and diverse applications of functionalized BPNSs in various fields are recapped. The challenges faced and future directions for the chemical functionalization of BPNSs are also highlighted.
Due to their fantastic properties, black phosphorous nanosheets (BPNSs) are an emerging 2D material bridging the gap between graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. Chemical functionalization is an effective strategy in improving the ambient stability of BPNSs and to impart additional properties/functions. Herein, the latest developments of the chemical functionalization of BPNSs are summarized and the future directions are highlighted.
Designing well‐defined nanointerfaces is of prime importance to enhance the activity of nanoelectrocatalysts for different catalytic reactions. However, studies on non‐noble‐metal‐interface ...electrocatalysts with extremely high activity and superior stability at high current density still remains a great challenge. Herein, a class of Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P interface nanowires is rationally designed for boosting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis at high current density by partial chemical etching of Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O (Co‐CHH) nanowires with Fe(CN)63−, followed by low‐temperature phosphorization treatment. The resulting Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P interface nanowires exhibit very high OER catalytic performance with an overpotential of only 215 mV at a current density of 50 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 59.8 mV dec−1 in 1.0 m KOH. In particular, Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P exhibits an obvious advantage in enhancing oxygen evolution at high current density by showing an overpotential of merely 291 mV at 800 mA cm−2, much lower than that of RuO2 (446 mV). Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P is remarkably stable for the OER with negligible current loss under overpotentials of 200 and 240 mV for 150 h. Theoretical calculations reveal that Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P is more favorable for the OER since the electrochemical catalytic oxygen evolution barrier is optimally lowered by the active Co‐ and O‐sites from the Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P interface.
Co3O4/Fe0.33Co0.66P interface nanowires are rationally designed and synthesized by a universal strategy of partial chemical etching of Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O nanowires with Fe(CN)63−, followed by low‐temperature phosphorization with NaH2PO2·H2O for boosting oxygen evolution.
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