The dawning of this millennium broke new ground in life science and technology, presented us genomic and proteomic revolution, nanotechnology innovation, and high performance liquid chromatography ...coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) used for separating and identifying new chemical entities at pico-, or even femto-concentrations. Applications of these high technologies to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) opened a new chapter in the ancient medicine, and prompted us to re-evaluate the thousand-year-old phytomedicine- ginseng from current perspectives. We, therefore, collected the latest information (mostly within 10 years) on ginseng, and condensed the information into two parts of this review serial. The present part covers etymology of ginseng, its pharmacognosy (natural origin, physical appearance, chemical properties, and specie identification), its cultivation and processing-related metabolic changes in active ingredients, standardized analytical methods used for quality control of various ginseng products, modern analytical methods used to identify and classify more than 100 chemical entities (many were recently unfolded) derived from ginseng species and their metabolites. The global markets and production of ginseng and relevant government regulations are herein updated to exchange information and understandings about current people's uses and cultivation of ginseng. The second part of the review serial will classify all these 100 chemical entities separated from various ginseng species into different groups based on their structural similarities, and summarize bioactivities of these entities. The second part of the review serial will also focus on recent findings of ginseng pharmacology and its clinical trials for various diseases, and brief side effects of ginseng.
The simulated Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) events in 27 general circulation models (GCMs) are identified using an MJO tracking method. The results suggest that the occurrence frequencies of ...simulated MJO events can represent a model’s ability to simulate several characteristics of the MJO to a certain extent during boreal winter, such as propagation range, strength, and termination longitude. All tracked MJO events are classified into those that propagate through the Maritime Continent (MC) (MJO-C) and those that do not (MJO-B), and the weakening and blocking effects on MJO propagation by the MC in GCMs were quantified. In general, if a GCM shows a stronger weakening effect on MJO strength over the MC, it tends to produce a stronger blocking effect on MJO propagation over the MC during boreal winter. The barrier effect of the MC on MJO propagation is exaggerated in most GCMs, while it can be underestimated in some GCMs, especially the coupled GCMs. Strong lower-tropospheric premoistening is identified ahead of the MJO convection center when it is over the central MC for MJO-C but not for MJO-B in most GCMs. Such strong premoistening is mainly attributed to the zonal gradient of lower-tropospheric easterly anomalies within the front Walker cell, which could be a precursor leading to the eastward propagation of MJO convection. In contrast to the observation, the role of the background sea surface temperature and land–sea precipitation contrast in the barrier effect on MJO propagation by the MC is not well captured by most GCMs.
•Developed a spatially explicit approach to mapping supply and demand of CESs.•The approach integrated the SolVES model and social media comments.•Almost 70% of the study area, including protected ...areas, supply exceeded demand.•Protected areas internal Supply and demand exceeded the external.•Areas surrounding protected areas should also be considered.
The construction of protected areas (PAs) is not only the most effective way to preserve biodiversity resources and the natural heritage, but also provides important cultural ecosystem services (CESs) for satisfying human psychological and spiritual needs and improving human well-being. Knowledge of CESs at the county level is vital for the bottom-up promotion of the overall work of China’s PAs. The assessment and mapping of the spatial pattern of CESs, and their supply and demand relationship in PAs and their surrounding areas, are of great significance for high-quality development planning at the county scale. In our study, we developed an integrated approach to mapping the supply and demand of CESs, and then integrated the SolVES model with social media comments to explore the matching relationship between CESs’ (aesthetic inspiration, education humanities, and recreation and ecotourism) supply and demand using Wuyishan City, China, with its abundant PAs, as a case study. The results showed that the supply of three types of CESs accounting for approximately 70% of the study area was greater than the demand, and thus these CESs have significant future development prospects. The distribution of the three high-supply CESs and tourist destinations showed roughly the same spatial patterns, in which the high-demand hot spots were identified in the south of Wuyishan City. And the total supply and demand levels inside the PAs were much greater than those outside. Therefore, clarifying the matching relationship between supply and demand of CESs at the county level is not only conducive to promoting the sustainable development of natural resources, but also provides a reference for the planning of county-level protection of PAs under each county’s jurisdiction.
Ship noise analysis is a critical area of research in hydroacoustic remote sensing due to its practical implications in identifying ship direction, type, and even specific ship identities. However, ...the limited availability of data poses challenges in developing accurate ship noise classification models. Previous studies have mainly focused on small-sample learning approaches, resulting in complex network structures. Nonetheless, underwater robots often have limited computing power, making it essential to develop simpler recognition networks. In this paper, we address the issue of data scarcity by introducing positive incentive noise. We propose a CNN-based hydroacoustic signal recognition method that achieves comparable or superior performance to previous studies, using a simple network structure as a back-end decision system. We describe the feature extraction process using a dataset with added noise and compare the performance of various features. Additionally, we compare our proposed method with previous studies. Experimental results demonstrate that simple neural networks can achieve high performance and excellent generalizability without the need for complex network structures like adversarial learning models.
This review, a sequel to part 1 in the series, collects about 107 chemical entities separated from the roots, leaves and flower buds of Panax ginseng, quinquefolius and notoginseng, and categorizes ...these entities into about 18 groups based on their structural similarity. The bioactivities of these chemical entities are described. The 'Yin and Yang' theory and the fundamentals of the 'five elements' applied to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are concisely introduced to help readers understand how ginseng balances the dynamic equilibrium of human physiological processes from the TCM perspectives. This paper concerns the observation and experimental investigation of biological activities of ginseng used in the TCM of past and present cultures. The current biological findings of ginseng and its medical applications are narrated and critically discussed, including 1) its antihyperglycemic effect that may benefit type II diabetics; in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated protection of ginseng on beta-cells and obese diabetic mouse models. The related clinical trial results are stated. 2) its aphrodisiac effect and cardiovascular effect that partially attribute to ginseng's bioactivity on nitric oxide (NO); 3) its cognitive effect and neuropharmacological effect that are intensively tested in various rat models using purified ginsenosides and show a hope to treat Parkinson's disease (PD); 4) its uses as an adjuvant or immunotherapeutic agent to enhance immune activity, appetite and life quality of cancer patients during their chemotherapy and radiation. Although the apoptotic effect of ginsenosides, especially Rh2, Rg3 and Compound K, on various tumor cells has been shown via different pathways, their clinical effectiveness remains to be tested. This paper also updates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immune-stimulatory activities of ginseng, its ingredients and commercial products, as well as common side effects of ginseng mainly due to its overdose, and its pharmacokinetics.
The presence of spoofing signals poses a significant threat to global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based positioning applications, as it could cause a malfunction of the positioning service. ...Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to present a spatial-temporal technique that enables GNSS receivers to reliably detect and suppress spoofing. The technique, which is based on antenna array, can be divided into two consecutive stages. In the first stage, an improved eigen space spectrum is constructed for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. To this end, a signal preprocessing scheme is provided to solve the signal model mismatch in the DOA estimation for navigation signals. In the second stage, we design an optimization problem for power estimation with the estimated DOA as support information. After that, the spoofing detection is achieved by combining power comparison and cross-correlation monitoring. Finally, we enhance the genuine signals by beamforming while the subspace oblique projection is used to suppress spoofing. The proposed technique does not depend on external hardware and can be readily implemented on raw digital baseband signal before the despreading of GNSS receivers. Crucially, the low-power spoofing attack and multipath can be distinguished and mitigated by this technique. The estimated DOA and power are both beneficial for subsequent spoofing localization. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Rice (
L.) frequently suffers in late spring from severe damage due to cold spells, which causes the block of chlorophyll biosynthesis during early rice seedling greening. However, the inhibitory ...mechanism by which this occurs is still unclear. To explore the responsive mechanism of rice seedlings to low temperatures during greening, the effects of chilling stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis and plastid development were studied in rice seedlings. Chlorophyll biosynthesis was obviously inhibited and chlorophyll accumulation declined under low temperatures during greening. The decrease in chlorophyll synthesis was due to the inhibited synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and the suppression of conversion from protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) into chlorophylls (Chls). Meanwhile, the activities of glutamate-1-semialdehyde transaminase (GSA-AT), Mg-chelatase, and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) were downregulated under low temperatures. Further investigations showed that chloroplasts at 18 °C had loose granum lamellae, while the thylakoid and lamellar structures of grana could hardly develop at 12 °C after 48 h of greening. Additionally, photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) proteins obviously declined in the stressed seedlings, to the point that the PSII and PSI proteins could hardly be detected after 48 h of greening at 12 °C. Furthermore, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and cell death were all induced by low temperature. Chilling stress had no effect on the development of epidermis cells, but the stomata were smaller under chilling stress than those at 28 °C. Taken together, our study promotes more comprehensive understanding in that chilling could inhibit chlorophyll biosynthesis and cause oxidative damages during greening.
Abstract
Background
Subspine impingement is considered a source of residual hip symptoms after primary hip arthroscopy, and the role of the subspine space and soft tissue is not clear. The purpose of ...this study was to analyze the relationship between the subspine space and labrum size in subspine impingement patients.
Methods
We performed a retrospective study of patients with femoroacetabular impingement between July 2016 and July 2020. Sixteen patients without hip symptom relief after primary hip arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and undergoing revision surgery for anterior inferior iliac spine compression were included as the study group. Forty-eight matched patients who underwent only primary surgery and whose hip discomfort was relieved without a diagnosis of subspine impingement were included as the control group. The patients’ preoperative computerized tomography data were reviewed, and the anterior inferior iliac spine dimensions and the size of the subspine space were measured. The size of the labrum at the 11:30, 1:30, and 3 o’clock positions was measured with the use of magnetic resonance imaging. The ratio of the subspine space to the labrum was also calculated.
Results
There was no significant difference in anterior inferior iliac spine dimensions between these two groups (
p
> 0.05). A relatively narrow subspine space was found in the study group, especially in the direction of the anterior inferior iliac spine. Compared with the control group, subspine impingement patients were identified with larger labrums at 11:30 (8.20 ± 1.95 mm vs. 6.81 ± 0.50 mm,
p
= 0.016), 1:30 (7.83 ± 1.61 mm and 6.25 ± 0.78 mm,
p
= 0.001) and 3:00 (9.50 ± 1.73 mm vs. 7.48 ± 0.99 mm,
p
= 0.001). A relative mismatch between the subspine space and the labrum was also identified in the study group. The ratios of the labrum width to the subspine area were significantly larger in the study group than in the control group.
Conclusion
This study reported potential additional criteria for subspine impingement—a large labrum and a relatively narrow subspine space—instead of abnormal anterior inferior iliac spine dimensions. For those with a large labrum and narrow subspine space, the diagnosis of subspine impingement should be carefully made, and arthroscopic anterior inferior iliac spine decompression may be important.
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a perennial herb, possesses immunostimulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiemetic, and antioxidative biological activities. In recent years, more and more people have ...paid attention to the extraction methods and quality evaluation of ginseng. China, the United States, Europe, Japan, and Korea have all had the quality standards and content determination methods of ginseng. The different treatment methods are adopted before the determination of ginseng samples and the content limits of the index components, such as ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Re exist differences. The similarities and differences of ginseng content detection methods in pharmacopoeias of different countries have been analyzed by a research group, but the comparison of the effects of different methods on the ginsenoside content and structural transformation has not been reported. In this paper, ginsenosides in ginseng were extracted according to four national pharmacopoeias and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and HPLC-UV. It was illustrated that the pretreatment method has a significant influence on the content determination of ginseng. The yield of rare saponins was increased by heating concluded from both the qualitative and quantitative comparison. Finally, a simple and feasible extraction method was optimized by response surface method at room temperature. The analysis of the preparation method and process optimization of the four pharmacopoeias can provide important reference information for the revision of ginseng standards.
The antispoofing method using the direction-of-arrival (DOA) feature can effectively improve the application security of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. In this paper, a ...sparse reconstruction approach based on a coprime array of antennas is proposed to provide reliable DOA estimation under a GNSS spoofing attack. Specifically, the self-coherence property of genuine satellite signals and spoofing was fully exploited to construct a denoised covariance matrix that enables DOA estimation before receiver despreading. Based on this, an equivalent uniform linear array (ULA) was generated from the constructed covariance matrix via virtual array interpolation. By applying the ideal of sparse reconstruction to an equivalent ULA signal, the preliminary DOA estimation results could be obtained without the need for a number of signals. Considering that the sparse estimation technique suffers from basis mismatch effects, we designed an optimization problem with respect to off-grid error to compensate the initial DOA such that the performance loss of DOA estimation could be reduced. Numerical examples demonstrated the advantages of the proposed method in terms of degrees-of-freedom (DOFs), resolution and accuracy.
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