The difficulties of injured and degenerated neurons to regenerate neurites and regain functions are more significant than in other body tissues, making neurodegenerative and related diseases hard to ...cure. Uncovering the secrets of neural regeneration and how this process may be inhibited after injury will provide insights into novel management and potential treatments for these diseases.
Caenorhabditis elegans
and
Drosophila melanogaster
are two of the most widely used and well-established model organisms endowed with advantages in genetic manipulation and live imaging to explore this fundamental question about neural regeneration. Here, we review the classical models and techniques, and the involvement and cooperation of subcellular structures during neurite regeneration using these two organisms. Finally, we list several important open questions that we look forward to inspiring future research.
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is highly activated in a variety of malignancies and plays important roles in tumorigenesis, tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastasis. Our recent study showed ...that the inhibitors of the Shh pathway such as cyclopamine (CP), a Smothened (SMO) inhibitor, and GANT61, a Gli1 inhibitor, have modest inhibitory effects on thyroid tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth. The objective of this study was to determine whether autophagy was induced by inhibition of the Shh pathway and could negatively regulate GANT61-induced apoptosis. Here we report that inhibition of the Shh pathway by Gli1 siRNA or by cyclopamine and GANT61 induced autophagy in SW1736 and KAT-18 cells, two anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines; whereas Gli1 overexpression suppressed autophagy. Mechanistic investigation revealed that inhibition of the Shh pathway activated TAK1 and its two downstream kinases, the c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). GANT61-induced autophagy was blocked by TAK1 siRNA and the inhibitors of TAK1 (5Z-7-oxozeaenol, 5Z), JNK (SP600125), and AMPK (Compound C, CC). Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and 5Z and by TAK1 and Beclin-1 siRNA enhanced GANT61-induced apoptosis and its antiproliferative activity. Our study has shown that inhibition of the Shh pathway induces autophagy by activating TAK1, whereas autophagy in turn suppresses GANT61-induced apoptosis. We have uncovered a previously unrecognized role of TAK1 in Shh pathway inhibition-induced autophagy and apoptosis.
•Perilla seed meal is a new source for rosmarinic acid (RA).•Macroporous and polyamide resins were conducted for RA preparation.•We optimized the enrichment of RA using different resins.•RA was ...obtained through elution on SP825 resin followed by a polyamide resin.
In this study, the preparative separation and purification of rosmarinic acid (RA) from perilla seed meal (PSM), which is a by-product of edible oil production, was achieved using combined column chromatography over macroporous and polyamide resins. To optimize the RA enrichment process, the performance and separation characteristics of nine selected macroporous resins with different chemical and physical properties were investigated. SP825 resin was the most effective: the content of RA increased from 0.27% in the original extract to 16.58% in the 50% ethanol fraction (a 61.4-fold increase). During further purification treatment on polyamide resin, 90.23% pure RA could be obtained in the 70% ethanol fraction. RA with a higher purity (>95%) could also be easily obtained using one crystallization operation. The proposed method is simple, easily operated, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly and is suitable for both large-scale RA production and waste management.
The following paper reported and discussed a nitrite ion optical sensing platform based on a core-shell structure, using superamagnetic nanoparticles as the core, a silica molecular sieve MCM-41 as ...the shell and two rhodamine derivatives as probe, respectively. This superamagnetic core made this sensing platform reclaimable after finishing nitrite ion sensing procedure. This sensing platform was carefully characterized by means of electron microscopy images, porous structure analysis, magnetic response, IR spectra and thermal stability analysis. Detailed analysis suggested that the emission of these composite samples was quenchable by nitrite ion, showing emission turn off effect. A static sensing mechanism based on an additive reaction between chemosensors and nitrite ion was proposed. These composite samples followed Demas quenching equation against different nitrite ion concentrations. Limit of detection value was obtained as low as 0.4μM. It was found that, after being quenched by nitrite ion, these composite samples could be reclaimed and recovered by sulphamic acid, confirming their recyclability.
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•A nitrite optical sensing platform based on a core-shell structure was reported.•This sensing platform was reclaimable after finishing nitrite sensing procedure.•A static sensing mechanism based on an additive reaction was proposed.•Limit of detection value was obtained as low as 0.4μM.
The following paper was devoted to a site-specific core–shell composite structure loaded with a Ru-based sensing probe, using Fe3O4 particles as core and silica molecular sieve MCM-41 as shell, ...respectively. In virtue of this modified sensing probe with large conjugation planes, sensitivity was determined as high as 12.3 with response time of 8s, good stability and, more importantly, linear response. Display omitted
•A site-specific core–shell composite structure was constructed for O2 sensing.•A diamine ligand with large conjugation plane was incorporated into sensing probe.•Sensing performance was improved by increasing sensing collision probability.•Sensitivity was determined as high as 12.3 with response time of 8s.•Good stability and, more importantly, linear response, were confirmed.
The following paper was devoted to a site-specific core–shell composite structure loaded with a Ru-based sensing probe, using Fe3O4 particles as core and silica molecular sieve MCM-41 as shell, respectively. A diamine ligand with large conjugation plane was incorporated into this sensing probe, hoping to increase electronic distribution and decay lifetime of excited electrons for sensing collision, which consequently improved sensing performance. This hybrid structure was discussed and confirmed by means of electron microscope images, XRD patterns, IR spectra, N2 adsorption/desorption and thermal analysis. Photophysical analysis on this composite sample confirmed that its emission was quenchable by O2 molecules following a dynamic sensing mechanism. In virtue of this modified sensing probe with large conjugation planes, sensitivity was determined as high as 12.3 with response time of 8s which were found superior to literature values. Good stability and, more importantly, linear response, were confirmed owing to the covalent immobilization between sensing probe and supporting host.
In this study, we aimed to perform a network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of NAs in decreasing the reactivation of HBV, reducing chemotherapy disruption, and improving survival in ...oncology patients.
Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the impact of NAs in HBV infected-related oncology patients were retrieved from electronic databases. The outcome indicators included reactivation rate, survival rate of 1 to 3 years after treatment, and chemotherapy disruption rate. The studies were evaluated for bias using the RCT risk of bias assessment tool recommended in the Cochrane Handbook. The risk ratio (RR) was used to compare the outcome indicators for the anti-viral treatment, and the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) was used to identify the optimal therapeutic regime.
A total of 67 trials containing 5722 patients were included in this study. Regarding the reduction of reactivation rate, entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir alone were less effective than the combination of lamivudine and entecavir (94.9%), with RR values ranging from 3.16 to 3.73. However, based on SUCRA, the efficacy of telbivudine (80.3%) and the combination of lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil (58.8%) were also acceptable. Entecavir (RR values ranging from 1.25 to 1.50) and lamivudine (RR values ranging from 1.27 to 1.35) can prolong the survival rate of patients at 1-3 years, and were better than adefovir dipivoxil in the comparison of 1-year survival rate. The RR values were 1.18 and 1.19, respectively. And entecavir 's ranking in SUCRA was more stable. Entecavir, lamivudine, and tenofovir all reduced chemotherapy interruption rates compared with no antiviral therapy, especially for tenofovir.
Current evidence shows that lamivudine combined with entecavir, telbivudine, and lamivudine combined with adefovir dipivoxil were the most effective in preventing virus reactivation in HBV infected-related cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Entecavir had the most stable effect on survival, while tenofovir had the best impact on reducing the chemotherapy disruption rate. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are required to verify the above conclusions.
PROSPEROI https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/index.php, identifier CRD4202250685.
Single hyperspectral image (HSI) super‐resolution (SR) has attracted researcher's attention; however, most existing methods directly model the mapping between low‐ and high‐resolution images from an ...external training dataset, which requires large memory and computing resources. Moreover, there are few such available training datasets in real cases, which prevent deep‐learning‐based methods from further improving performance. Here, a novel single HSI SR method based on transfer learning is proposed. The proposed method is composed of two stages: spectral down‐sampled image SR reconstruction based on transfer learning and HSI reconstruction via spectral recovery module. Instead of directly applying the learned knowledge from the colour image domain to HSI SR, the spectral down‐sampled image is fed into a spatial SR model to obtain a high‐resolution image, which acts as a bridge between the colour image and HSI. The spectral recovery network is used to restore the HSI from the bridge image. In addition, pre‐training and collaborative fine‐tuning are proposed to promote the performance of SR and spectral recovery. Experiments on two public HSI datasets show that the proposed method achieves promising SR performance with a small paired HSI dataset.
Background Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) acts as a procarcinogenic bacterium in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) by regulating the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Neutrophil extracellular traps ...(NETs), which can be generated by persistent inflammation, have been recently considered to be significant contributors in promoting cancer progression. However, whether NETs are implicated in Fn-related carcinogenesis is still poorly characterized. Here, we explored the role of NETs in Fn-related CRC as well as their potential clinical significance. Methods Fn was measured in tissue specimens and feces samples from CRC patients. The expression of NET markers were also detected in tissue specimens, freshly isolated neutrophils and blood serum from CRC patients, and the correlation of circulating NETs levels with Fn was evaluated. Cell-based experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanism by which Fn modulates NETs formation. In addition, we clarified the functional mechanism of Fn-induced NETs on the growth and metastasis of CRC in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results Tissue and blood samples from CRC patients, particularly those from Fn-infected CRC patients, exhibited greater neutrophil infiltration and higher NETs levels. Fn infection induced abundant NETs production in in vitro studies. Subsequently, we demonstrated that Fn-induced NETs indirectly accelerated malignant tumor growth through angiopoiesis, and facilitated tumor metastasis, as manifested by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related cell migration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated basement membrane protein degradation, and trapping of CRC cells. Mechanistically, the Toll-like receptor (TLR4)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway and NOD-like receptor (NOD1/2)-dependent signaling were responsible for Fn-stimulated NETs formation. More importantly, circulating NETs combined with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) could predict CRC occurrence and metastasis, with areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. Conclusions Our findings indicated that Fn-induced NETs abundance by activating TLR4-ROS and NOD1/2 signalings in neutrophils facilitated CRC progression. The combination of circulating NETs and CEA was identified as a novel screening strategy for predicting CRC occurrence and metastasis. Keywords: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Colorectal carcinoma, Neutrophil extracellular traps, ROS, TLR4, NOD1/2
•The total flavonoids from the licorice was applied macroporous resins to separate, and the contents was higher than 80%.•The flavonoids were identified by HPLC-MS/MS, and 18 compounds were isolated ...from the extracts.•18 compounds and the extract were tested for their α-glycosidase and PTP1B inhibitory activities, 12 compounds showed stronger activity than acarbose and compound 18 with IC50 value (15.62 ± 0.20 µM) compared with the positive controls NaVO4 (IC50 = 29.10 ± 0.20 µM).
Licorice, one of the oldest and most common herbal medicines, is used as a natural sweetener and flavoring agent in food products. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of flavonoids against α-glycosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Macroporous resins were used to isolate total flavonoids from licorice extract; the obtained total flavonoid content was >80%. The extracted flavonoids were then identified by HPLC-MS/MS, and 18 compounds were isolated. These compounds were further evaluated to determine α-glycosidase and PTP1B inhibitory activities. A total of 12 compounds demonstrated stronger activity than acarbose (IC50 = 5.42 ± 0.10 µg/mL); the compound 18 yielded higher IC50 (15.62 ± 0.20 µM) than NaVO4 (positive control; IC50 = 29.10 ± 0.20 µM). These results suggested that flavonoids from licorice are potential functional food ingredients that can be used to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The morbidity and mortality rates of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been steadily increasing in recent years. Previous studies have confirmed the important role of ...ferroptosis in NAFLD development; however, the precise mechanism through which ferroptosis influences NAFLD occurrence remains unclear. The present study aimed to identify and validate ferroptosis-related genes involved in NAFLD pathogenesis and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of NAFLD.
We downloaded microarray datasets GSE72756 and GSE24807 to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between samples from healthy individuals and patients with NAFLD. From these DEGs, we extracted ferroptosis-related DEGs. GSE89632, another microarray dataset, was used to validate the expression of ferroptosis-related genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of ferroptosis-related genes was then constructed. The target genes were also subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, competing endogenous RNA networks were constructed. We used the CIBERSORT package to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells infiltration in NAFLD.
Five ferroptosis-related genes (SCP2, MUC1, DPP4, SLC1A4, and TF) were identified as promising diagnostic biomarkers for NAFLD. Enrichment analyses revealed that these genes are mainly involved in metabolic processes. NEAT1-miR-1224-5p-SCP2, NEAT1-miR-485-5p-MUC1, MALAT1-miR-485-5p-MUC1, and CNOT6-miR-145-5p-SLC1A4 are likely to be the potential RNA regulatory pathways that affect NAFLD development. Principal component analysis indicated significant differences in immune cell infiltration between the two groups.
This study identified five ferroptosis-related genes as potential biomarkers for diagnosing NAFLD. The correlations between the expression of ferroptosis-related genes and immune cell infiltration might shed light on the study of the molecular mechanism underlying NAFLD development.
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