Deep learning technology has been widely applied to medical image analysis. But due to the limitations of its own imaging principle, ultrasound image has the disadvantages of low resolution and high ...Speckle Noise density, which not only hinder the diagnosis of patients' conditions but also affect the extraction of ultrasound image features by computer technology.
In this study, we investigate the robustness of deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification, segmentation, and target detection of breast ultrasound image through random Salt & Pepper Noise and Gaussian Noise.
We trained and validated 9 CNN architectures in 8617 breast ultrasound images, but tested the models with noisy test set. Then, we trained and validated 9 CNN architectures with different levels of noise in these breast ultrasound images, and tested the models with noisy test set. Diseases of each breast ultrasound image in our dataset were annotated and voted by three sonographers based on their malignancy suspiciousness. we use evaluation indexes to evaluate the robustness of the neural network algorithm respectively.
There is a moderate to high impact (The accuracy of the model decreased by about 5%-40%) on model accuracy when Salt and Pepper Noise, Speckle Noise, or Gaussian Noise is introduced to the images respectively. Consequently, DenseNet, UNet++ and Yolov5 were selected as the most robust model based on the selected index. When any two of these three kinds of noise are introduced into the image at the same time, the accuracy of the model will be greatly affected.
Our experimental results reveal new insights: The variation trend of accuracy with the noise level in Each network used for classification tasks and object detection tasks has some unique characteristics. This finding provides us with a method to reveal the black-box architecture of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. On the other hand, the purpose of this study is to explore the impact of adding noise directly to the image on the performance of neural networks, which is different from the existing articles on robustness in the field of medical image processing. Consequently, it provides a new way to evaluate the robustness of CAD systems in the future.
Aims
Higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) suggests alterations are required in body composition. However, differences in body composition ...between children with T1D and typically developing children (TDC) have not been synthesized using meta-analysis. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare body composition between children with T1D and TDC, and to explore the role of disease and non-disease related factors in potential body composition differences.
Methods
Studies were performed comparing dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-acquired total body fat and lean mass, absolute (kg) and relative (%) values, between children with T1D and TDC. We reported mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) from meta-analysis and relative between-group %-differences. We used meta-regression to explore the role of sex, age, height, body mass, body mass index, Hemoglobin A1c, age of onset, disease duration, and insulin dosage in the potential body composition differences between children with T1D and TDC, and subgroup analysis to explore the role of geographic regions (
p
< 0.05).
Results
We included 24 studies (1,017 children with T1D, 1,045 TDC) in the meta-analysis. Children with T1D had 1.2 kg more fat mass (kg) (95%CI 0.3 to 2.1; %-difference = 9.3%), 2.3% higher body fat % (0.3–4.4; 9.0%), but not in lean mass outcomes. Age of onset (β = −2.3, −3.5 to −1.0) and insulin dosage (18.0, 3.5–32.6) were negatively and positively associated with body fat % mean difference, respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested differences among geographic regions in body fat % (
p
< 0.05), with greater differences in body fat % from Europe and the Middle East.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis indicated 9% higher body fat in children with T1D. Earlier diabetes onset and higher daily insulin dosage were associated with body fat % difference between children with T1D and TDC. Children with T1D from Europe and the Middle East may be more likely to have higher body fat %. More attention in diabetes research and care toward body composition in children with T1D is needed to prevent the early development of higher body fat, and to minimize the cardiovascular disease risk and skeletal deficits associated with higher body fat.
Children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) experience an increased risk of fracture, which may be related to altered bone development. We aimed to assess differences in bone, muscle and physical activity ...(PA), and explore if better muscle and PA measures would mitigate bone differences between children and adolescents with T1D and typically developing peers (TDP). We matched 56 children and adolescents with T1D (mean age 11.9 yrs) and 56 TDP (11.5 yrs) by sex and maturity from 171 participants with T1D and 66 TDP (6-17 yrs). We assessed the distal radius and tibia with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), and the radius and tibia shaft bone and muscle with pQCT. We also measured muscle function from force-related measures in neuromuscular performance tests (push-up, grip test, countermovement and long jump). We compared PA based on questionnaire scores and accelerometers between groups. Bone, muscle, and neuromuscular performance measures were compared using MANOVA. We used mediation to explore the role of PA and muscle in bone differences. Children and adolescents with T1D had 6–10 % lower trabecular density, bone volume fraction, thickness and number at both distal radius and tibia, and 11 % higher trabecular separation at the distal radius than TDP. They also had 3–16 % higher cortical and tissue mineral density, and cortical thickness at the distal radius, 5–7 % higher cortical density and 1–3 % higher muscle density at both shaft sites compared to TDP. PA mediated the between-group difference in trabecular number (indirect effect −0.04) at the distal radius. Children and adolescents with T1D had lower trabecular bone density and deficits in trabecular micro-architecture, but higher cortical bone density and thickness at the radius and tibia compared to TDP. They engaged in less PA but had comparable muscle measures to those of TDP. PA participation may assist in mitigating deficit in trabecular number observed in children and adolescents with T1D.
•Children with T1D had lower trabecular density, micro-architecture at distal sites.•Higher cortical density and thickness at distal radius and shaft sites in T1D•More physical activity may mitigate trabecular bone difference in T1D.•Prospective, advanced imaging data of bone development in children with T1D needed.
PURPOSETo develop a deep learning-based cascaded HRNet model, in order to automatically measure X-ray imaging parameters of lumbar sagittal curvature and to evaluate its prediction performance. ...METHODSA total of 3730 lumbar lateral digital radiography (DR) images were collected from picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Among them, 3150 images were randomly selected as the training dataset and validation dataset, and 580 images as the test dataset. The landmarks of the lumbar curve index (LCI), lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis index (LLI), and the posterior edge tangent angle of the vertebral body (PTA) were identified and marked. The measured results of landmarks on the test dataset were compared with the mean values of manual measurement as the reference standard. Percentage of correct key-points (PCK), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlation coefficient (r), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and Bland-Altman plot were used to evaluate the performance of the cascade HRNet model. RESULTSThe PCK of the cascaded HRNet model was 97.9-100% in the 3 mm distance threshold. The mean differences between the reference standard and the predicted values for LCI, LLA, SS, LLI, and PTA were 0.43 mm, 0.99°, 1.11°, 0.01 mm, and 0.23°, respectively. There were strong correlation and consistency of the five parameters between the cascaded HRNet model and manual measurements (ICC = 0.989-0.999, R = 0.991-0.999, MAE = 0.63-1.65, MSE = 0.61-4.06, RMSE = 0.78-2.01). CONCLUSIONThe cascaded HRNet model based on deep learning algorithm could accurately identify the sagittal curvature-related landmarks on lateral lumbar DR images and automatically measure the relevant parameters, which is of great significance in clinical application.
To explore how group effect generates and how it influences individual’s economic decision-making from the two levels of psychological cognition and behavior choice, as well as the prerequisites for ...differentiating into two different effects, this study compares the individual different acceptance degree of fair/unfair offer from inside and outside the group in making economic decision through designing the model of ultimatum bargaining game based on decision-making neuroscience. What’s more, the study attempts to explore the preconditions of the two completely different phenomena of in-group preference and black sheep effect and uses ERP technology to find the cranial nerve basis of this effect so as to reveal the brain’s thinking process.
Here new evidence of the isotope geochronology and the geochemistry from the Yuanmou-Miyi complexes reveal the Precambrian tectono-magmatism geodynamic process in the study area. The Yangtze Block ...basement with 1.81- ~1.77 Ga and negative ε
Hf
(t) values of −7.8 to −0.7 corresponded to the assembly of the Columbia-supercontinent. However, the rifting magmatic event of ~ 1.70 Ga, which caused the continental crust extension-thinning in the study area, may exert influence on the subduction-magmatism in the Grenvillian period. The Yuanmou-Miyi complexes of 1.19- ~1.00 Ga are characterized by (La/Sm)
N
＞1, depletion in HFSEs, negative anomalies of Nb-Ta, and enrichment of LILEs, which show a genetic link with the subduction-magmatism. The temporal tendency that the magmatism from Yuanmou to Miyi gradually became younger, may be responsible for the subducting direction. The subduction caused the reactivation of the Anninghe-Lvzhijiag fault zone, and created the rupture windows of the subduction slab, leading to upwelling of the deep magma. These granitoids were derived from the partial melting of the mantle wedge, while the small-scale gabbro dikes intruded into the granitoids were likely spillover products from the asthenosphere mantle melts through the rupture windows.
Deficits in bone mineral and weaker bone structure in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may contribute to a lifelong risk of fracture. However, there is no meta-analysis comparing bone properties ...beyond density between children with T1D and typically developing children (TDC). This meta-analysis aimed to assess differences and related factors in bone mineral content (BMC), density, area, micro-architecture and estimated strength between children with T1D and TDC. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library databases, and included 36 in the meta-analysis (2222 children and youth with T1D, 2316 TDC; mean age ≤18 yrs., range 1–24). We estimated standardized mean differences (SMD) using random-effects models and explored the role of age, body size, sex ratio, disease duration, hemoglobin A1c in relation to BMC and areal density (aBMD) SMD using meta-regressions. Children and youth with T1D had lower total body BMC (SMD: −0.21, 95% CI: −0.37 to −0.05), aBMD (−0.30, −0.50 to −0.11); lumbar spine BMC (−0.17, −0.28 to −0.06), aBMD (−0.20, −0.32 to −0.08), bone mineral apparent density (−0.30, −0.48 to −0.13); femoral neck aBMD (−0.21, −0.33 to −0.09); distal radius and tibia trabecular density (−0.38, −0.64 to −0.12 and −0.35, −0.51 to −0.18, respectively) and bone volume fraction (−0.33, −0.56 to −0.09 and −0.37, −0.60 to −0.14, respectively); distal tibia trabecular thickness (−0.41, −0.67 to −0.16); and tibia shaft cortical content (−0.33, −0.56 to −0.10). Advanced age was associated with larger SMD in total body BMC (−0.13, −0.21 to −0.04) and aBMD (−0.09; −0.17 to −0.01) and longer disease duration with larger SMD in total body aBMD (−0.14; −0.24 to −0.04). Children and youth with T1D have lower BMC, aBMD and deficits in trabecular density and micro-architecture. Deficits in BMC and aBMD appeared to increase with age and disease duration. Bone deficits may contribute to fracture risk and require attention in diabetes research and care.
PROSPERO (CRD42020200819).
•First meta-analysis of BMC and micro-architectural deficits in children with T1D•Meta-regressions indicated greater deficits in total body BMC and aBMD with age.•Deficits in trabecular bone thickness and density were pronounced in T1D.•Prospective, advanced imaging data of bone development in children with T1D needed
It remains unclear if participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) differs between children with ASD and typically developing children (TDC). We compared daily MVPA, time spent in ...MVPA during physical education (PE) and recess, and odds of not meeting MVPA recommendation (60 min/day) between children with ASD and TDC. Nine studies reporting accelerometer-measured MVPA were included in the meta-analyses. MVPA was 30 min lower/day, 12% and 8% lower during PE and recess, respectively, in children with ASD, and they had 4 times higher odds of not meeting MVPA recommendation when compared to TDC. Children with ASD engage in daily MVPA less than TDC and below the guidelines. Tailored interventions to increase MVPA in children with ASD are warranted.
Human space exploration expansion from Low-Earth Orbit to deep space is accelerating the need to monitor and address the known health concerns related to deep space radiation. The human ...musculoskeletal system is vulnerable to these risks (alongside microgravity) and its health reflects the well-being of other body systems. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important approach for assessing temporal physiological changes in the musculoskeletal system. We propose that ultra-low-field MRI provides an optimal low Size Weight and Power (SwaP) solution for non-invasively monitoring muscle and bone changes on the planned Gateway lunar space station. Our proposed ultra-low-field Gateway MRI meets low SWaP design specifications mandated by limited room in the lunar space station. This review summarizes the current state of our knowledge on musculoskeletal consequences of spaceflight, especially with respect to radiation, and then elaborates how MRI can be used to monitor the deleterious effects of space travel and the efficacy of putative countermeasures. We argue that an ultra-low-field MRI in cis-lunar space on the Gateway can provide valuable research and medical insights into the effects of deep space radiation exposure on astronauts. Such an MRI would also allow the development of imaging protocols that would facilitate Earth-bound teams to monitor space personnel musculoskeletal changes during future interplanetary spaceflight. It will especially have a role in monitoring countermeasures, such as the use of melanin, in protecting space explorers.
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