Background
There are no studies which evaluate hair cortisol as a biological marker of stress and anxiety in pruritic dogs during atopic dermatitis therapy.
Objectives
A longitudinal evaluation of ...hair cortisol concentrations, the severity of disease and the QoL in dogs with cAD during therapy with lokivetmab.
Animals
Ten client‐owned dogs with cAD.
Materials and Methods
Dogs were assessed at three time points: at the initial visit at day (D) 0 and at D28, when lokivetmab (2.2–3.2 mg/kg) was administered, and at D56 for one further evaluation. At all time points, pruritus and lesion severity was assessed using the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04). Dog owners filled out a validated QoL questionnaire and hair cortisol concentrations were measured from samples collected from the same area on each dog.
Results
There was a significant reduction in PVAS (p < 0.001) and improvement in QoL of dogs (QoL1) and owners (QoL2) after lokivetmab administration, with a positive correlation of the PVAS with QoL1 and QoL2 (r = 0.71 and 0.52, respectively). There was no difference in CADESI‐04 scores at the different time points (p = 0.515). A significant reduction in hair cortisol levels at D56 was measured compared with D28 (p < 0.001).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Hair cortisol may be a useful marker of stress in dogs with cAD. These results highlight the negative impact of cAD on the QoL of dogs and their owners, and the positive benefit of lokivetmab therapy.
摘要
背景
没有研究评估过犬特应性皮炎(cAD)犬毛发皮质醇浓度与疾病严重程度和生活质量(QoL)之间的关系。
目的
对cAD患犬在洛基维特单抗治疗期间毛发皮质醇浓度、疾病严重程度和QoL进行纵向评估。
动物
10只患有cAD的客户饲养犬。
材料和方法
在三个时间点对犬进行评估:在首次访视(M0)和第28天(D)(M1)时，皮下注射洛基维特单抗(2.2–3.2 mg/kg)，并在D56(M2)进行进一步评估。在所有时间点，使用瘙痒视觉模拟量表(PVAS)和犬特应性皮炎程度和严重程度指数(第4次迭代)(CADESI‐04)评估瘙痒和病变严重程度。犬主人填写了一份经过验证的QoL问卷，并从每只犬的同一区域采集的样本中测量毛发皮质醇浓度。
结果
洛基维特单抗给药后，犬PVAS显著降低(P<0.001)，QoL(QoL1)和主人(QoL2)改善，PVAS与QoL1和QoL2呈正相关(分别为r=0.71和0.52)。不同时间点的CADESI‐04评分无差异(P=0.515)。与M1相比，M2的毛发皮质醇水平显著降低(P<0.001)。
结论和临床相关性
毛发皮质醇是cAD犬应激的潜在有用标志物。这些结果强调了cAD对犬及其主人生活质量的负面影响，以及洛基维特单抗治疗的积极益处。
Résumé
Contexte
Aucune étude n'a jusqu’à maintenant évalué la corrélation entre les concentrations de cortisol dans les poils des chiens atteints de dermatite atopique canine (cAD), la gravité de la maladie et la qualité de vie (QoL).
Objectifs
L’étude a pour but de réaliser l’évaluation longitudinale des concentrations de cortisol dans le pelage, de la gravité de la maladie et de la qualité de vie chez les chiens souffrant de cAD durant leur traitement avec le lokivetmab.
Animaux
Dix chiens atteints de cAD présentés par leurs propriétaires.
Matériels et méthodes
Les chiens ont été évalués à trois moments : lors de la visite initiale (M0), au jour (J)28 (M1), où l'administration sous‐cutanée de Lokivetmab (2,2–3,2 mg/kg) a été réalisée et à J56(M2) pour une dernière évaluation. À chaque visite, le prurit et l’importance des lésions ont été évalués à l'aide de l'échelle visuelle analogique du prurit (PVAS) et de la 4e édition de l'indice d'étendue et de gravité de la dermatite atopique canine (CADESI‐04). Les propriétaires de chiens ont rempli un questionnaire validé concernant la qualité de vie. Les concentrations de cortisol dans les poils ont été déterminées à partir d'échantillons prélevés dans la même zone pour chaque chien.
Résultats
Une réduction significative du PVAS (P < 0,001) et une amélioration de la qualité de vie des chiens (QoL1) et des propriétaires (QoL2) ont été constatées après l'administration de lokivetmab, avec une corrélation positive de la PVAS avec la QoL1 et la QoL2 (r = 0,71 et 0,52, respectivement). Il n'y a pas de différence dans les scores CADESI‐04 aux différentes visites (P = 0,515). Une réduction significative du taux de cortisol capillaire à M2 a été mesurée par rapport à M1 (P < 0,001).
Conclusions et pertinence clinique
Le cortisol pilaire est un marqueur de stress potentiellement utile chez les chiens atteints de DAC. Ces résultats étayent l'impact négatif de la cAD sur la qualité de vie des chiens et de leurs propriétaires, et le bénéfice positif du traitement avec le lokivetmab.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Es gibt keine Studien, die den Zusammenhang zwischen den Cortisolkonzentrationen in Haaren von Hunden mit atopischer Dermatitis (cAD), der Schwere der Erkrankung und der Lebensqualität (QoL) evaluieren.
Ziele
Eine longitudinale Evaluierung der Cortisolkonzentrationen in Haaren, der Schwere der Erkrankung und der QoL von Hunden mit cAD während einer Behandlung mit Lokivetmab.
Tiere
Zehn Hunde in Privatbesitz mit cAD.
Material und Methoden
Die Hunde wurden an drei Zeitpunkten untersucht: bei der Erstvisite (M0) und am Tag (D)28 (M1), dann wurde Lokivetmab subkutan verabreicht (2,2‐3,2 mg/kg) und eine weitere Evaluierung am D56(M2) durchgeführt. Zu allen Zeitpunkten wurden Pruritus und Schweregrad der Veränderungen mittels Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) und dem Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4te Version (CADESI‐04) erfasst. Die HundebesitzerInnen füllten einen validierten QoL Fragebogen aus und die Cortisolkonzentrationen in den Haaren wurden in Haarproben gemessen, die von jedem Hund an der gleichen Stellen entnommen wurden.
Ergebnisse
Nach der Verabreichung von Lokivetmab bestand eine signifikante Reduzierung bei PVAS (P < 0,001) und eine Verbesserung der QoL der Hunde (QoL1) und der BesitzerInnen (QoL2), wobei eine positive Korrelation zwischen PVAS von QoL1 und QoL2 (r = 0,71 bzw 0,52) bestand. Es gab keinen Unterschied zwischen den CADESI‐04 Werten zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten (P = 0,515). Es wurde eine signifikante Reduzierung der Cortisolwerte der Haare zum Zeitpunkt M2 im Vergleich zu M1 gemessen (P < 0,001).
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Haarcortisolwerte sind möglicherweise nützliche Stressmarker bei Hunden mit cAD. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigten den negativen Einfluss von cAD auf die QoL von Hunden und ihren BesitzerInnen, sowie den positiven Effekt einer Lokivetmab Therapie.
要約
背景
犬アトピー性皮膚炎(cAD)の毛コルチゾール濃度、重症度、QoLとの関連を検討した研究はない。
目的
本研究の目的は、ロキベトマブ投与中の犬の毛コルチゾール濃度、重症度、QoLを縦断的に評価することであった。
対象動物
cADに罹患したオーナー所有犬 10 頭。
材料と方法
犬を3時点で評価した。初診時(M0)、28日後のLokivetmab(2.2‐3.2 mg/kg)皮下投与時(M1)、56日目(M2)にさらに評価を実施した。すべての時点で、痒みと病変の重症度を痒みのVisual Analog Scale(PVAS)およびCanine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration(CADESI‐04)を使用して評価した。犬のオーナーは有効なQoLアンケートに記入し、各犬の同部位から採取した試料から毛コルチゾール濃度を測定した。
結果
ロキベトマブ投与後、犬(QoL1)および飼い主(QoL2)のQoLの改善を認め、PVASの有意な減少(P < 0.001)を認め、PVASとQoL1およびQoL2には正の相関(それぞれr = 0.71 および 0.52)が認められた。CADESI‐04スコアには各時点で差はなかった(P = 0.515)。M2での毛コルチゾールレベルはM1と比較して有意な減少が測定された(P < 0.001)。
結論と臨床的意義
毛コルチゾールは、cADの犬におけるストレスの有用なマーカーとなる可能性がある。これらの結果は、cADが犬や飼い主のQoLに与える負の影響、ロキベトマブ治療の正の効果を補強するものである。
Resumo
Introdução
Não existem estudos que avaliem a associação entre as concentrações de cortisol no pelo de cães com dermatite atópica canina (DAC), gravidade da doença e qualidade de vida (QV).
Objetivos
Uma avaliação longitudinal das concentrações de cortisol no pelo, gravidade da doença e a QV em cães com DAC durante a terapia com lokivetmab.
Animais
Dez cães de clientes com DAC.
Materiais e Métodos
Os cães foram avaliados em três momentos: na visita inicial (M0) e no dia (D)28 (M1), Lokivetmab (2,2–3,2 mg/kg) foi administrado por via subcutânea e uma avaliação posterior foi realizada no D56(M2). Em todos os momentos, o prurido e a gravidade da lesão foram avaliados usando a Escala Visual Analógica de Prurido (PVAS) e o Índice de Extensão e Gravidade da Dermatite Atópica Canina, 4ª iteração (CADESI‐04). Os tutores dos cães preencheram um questionário de qualidade de vida validado e as concentrações de cortisol no pelo foram medidas a partir de amostras coletadas da mesma área em cada cão.
Resultados
Houve redução significativa no PVAS (P < 0,001) e melhora na QV dos cães (QV1) e proprietários (QV2) após a administração de lokivetmab, com correlação positiva do PVAS com QV1 e QV2 (r = 0,71 e 0,52, respectivamente). Não houve diferença nas pontuações do CADESI‐04 nos diferentes momentos (P = 0,515). Observou‐se uma redução significativa nos níveis de cortisol no pelo em M2 em comparação com M1 (P <0,001).
Conclusões e Relevância Clínica
A concentração de cortisol no pelo é um marcador potencialmente útil de estresse em cães com DAC. Esses resultados reforçam o impacto negativo da DAC na qualidade de vida de cães e seus donos e o benefício positivo da terapia com lokivetmab.
RESUMEN
Introducción
No hay estudios que evalúen la asociación entre las concentraciones de cortisol en el pelo de perros con dermatitis atópica canina (cAD), la gravedad de la enfermedad y la calidad de vida (QoL).
Objetivos
una evaluación longitudinal de las concentraciones de cortisol en el cabello, la gravedad de la enfermedad y la calidad de vida en perros con cAD durante la terapia con lokivetmab.
Animales
Diez perros de propietarios particulares con cAD.
Materiales y Métodos
los perros se evaluaron en tres momentos: en la visita inicial (M0), en el día (D)28 (M1), y tras administrar lokivetmab por vía subcutánea (2,2–3,2 mg/kg) se llevó a cabo una evaluación adicional en el D56(M2). En todos los puntos temporales, se evaluó el prurito y la gravedad de las lesiones utilizando la escala análoga visual de prurito (PVAS) y el índice de extensión y gravedad de la dermatitis atópica canina, cuarta revisión (CADESI‐04). Los dueños de perros completaron un cuestionario de calidad de vida validado y se midieron las concentraciones de cortisol en el cabello a partir de muestras recolectadas de la misma área en cada perro.
Resultados
hubo una reducción significativa en PVAS (P < 0,001) y una mejora en la calidad de vida (CdV) de perros (CdV1) y propietarios (CdV2) después de la administración de lokivetmab, con una correlación positiva de PVAS con CdV1 y CdV2 (r = 0,71 y 0,52, respectivamente). No hubo diferencia en las puntuaciones de CADESI‐04 en los diferentes puntos temporales (P = 0,515). Se observó una reducc
Despite previous reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats worldwide, the type of swab sample used for its detection through RT-qPCR needs to be better compared and described. Accordingly, as ...part of a multicenter study in Brazil, the aim of the present study was to assess which rectal or oropharyngeal swabs would be more appropriate for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs, through viral load comparison. Pets of owners diagnosed with COVID-19 in the last 7 days were eligible. A total of 148 animals from four of the five Brazilian geographical regions were analyzed, among which 10/48 cats (20.83%) and 11/100 dogs (11.00%) were positive. The results suggested that oropharyngeal swabs should be considered for SARS-CoV-2 detection, particularly in cats, due to the higher cDNA viral load. Also, the genomic results showed similarities between SARS-CoV-2 animal variants and human variants that were circulating at the time of sampling, thus corroborating the existence of zooanthroponotic transmission. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the importance of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring among cats and dogs, as virus modification may indicate the possibility of mutations in animals and spillover back to owners. Thus, positive individuals should always self-isolate from their pets during COVID-19, to prevent trans-species transmission and mutation.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive pet owners are reported to be a risk factor for infection of their pets; however, the influence of the viral load and associated ...risks has not been fully established. This study aimed to assess potential association of viral load in owners with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in their dogs. Of 20 SARS-CoV-2-positive pet owners from 13 families in Curitiba, Brazil, 5 of 22 (22.7%) dogs were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Viral presence was detected in oropharyngeal samples for 2 of 5 (40.0%) dogs at 8 and 9 days after the first positive sample. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in these dogs was associated with higher viral loads in the owners and close owner contact. All 5 RT-qPCR-positive dogs had antibodies to at least one viral protein tested in the serological assay. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs was statistically associated with clinical signs in owners such as cold, cough, or diarrhea (P = 0.039), number of positive persons in the household (P = 0.002), and higher viral load (P = 0.039). Such findings serve as a warning for risks of human to dog infection, mainly due to sharing beds and other close interactions without protection. In conclusion, people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in households with multiple residents and high viral load, should take the same preventive measures when interacting with their dogs during self-isolation as they do with people.
•Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs was statistically associated to cold, cough or diarrhea.•SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs after 8 and 9 days was associated to positive owner and higher viral load.•COVID-19 infected persons should take same preventive person-to-person precautions with dogs.
•Low levels of cytotoxicity by semi-purified bacteriocins in Vero cells.•PV-1 susceptibility to E. durans semi-purified bacteriocins after virus adsorption.•HSV-1 susceptibility to E. durans ...semi-purified bacteriocins before and after virus adsorption.•Potential of semi-purified bacteriocins as novel antiviral agents.
Bacteriocins have unusual inhibitory activity, including antiviral properties, and this can be exploited to give alternative applications. Semi–purified bacteriocins of six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from goat milk (two Lactococcus lactis: GLc03 and GLc05, and four Enterococcus durans: GEn09, GEn12, GEn14 and GEn17) were tested for cytotoxicity in Vero cells (50% Cytotoxicity Concentration: CC50), and for their antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus 1 (HVS-1) and poliovirus (PV-1). Semi-purified bacteriocins presented low cytotoxicity, with CC50 varying from 256.2 µg/mL (GLc05) to 1084.5 µg/mL (GEn14). CC10 was determined for all isolates (GLc03: 36.9 µg/mL; GLc05: 51.2 µg/mL; GEn09: 88.1 µg/mL; GEn12: 99.9 µg/mL; GEn14: 275 µg/mL; and GEn17: 62.2 µg/mL) and considered for antiviral activity assays. Antiviral activity before virus adsorption was recorded against PV-1 for GLc05 (4.9%), GEn09 (3.4%), GEn12 (24.7%) and GEn17 (23.5%), and against HSV-1 for GEn12 (27.9%), GEn14 (58.7%) and GEn17 (39.2%). Antiviral activity after virus adsorption was identified against PV-1 for GLc05 (32.7%), GEn09 (91.0%), GEn12 (93.7%) and GEn17 (57.2%), and against HSV-1 for GEn17 (71.6%). The results obtained indicate the potential of some bacteriocins, particularly those produced by E. durans strains investigated in the present study, in viral inhibition and their application as new antiviral agents.
The emerging concerns regarding the new Coronavirus's ability to cause infection in pets has led to animal testing and worrisome findings reported all over the world in domesticated and wild animals. ...This study aimed to investigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in dog and cat samples with the clinical presentation for respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in Brazil.
One hundred and twenty-five samples were collected from 12 states of Brazil that originated from the gastrointestinal, upper respiratory tract, and other sites, including some pools of samples from before the onset of the pandemic including blood and/or urine samples. They were tested for RT-PCR detection of respiratory or gastrointestinal pathogens through Respiratory or Diarrhea RT-PCR Panels in the TECSA (Tecnologia em Saninade Animal - Animal Health Technology) Veterinary Medicine Laboratory. This work was conducted in compliance with ethical standards.
Seven different microorganisms that can cause respiratory and/or gastrointestinal clinical signs were detected in cats (Feline Coronavirus FCoV, Feline Parvovirus, Feline Leukemia Virus, Feline Calicivirus,
,
spp., and
spp.) and three in dogs (canine distemper virus,
spp., and
spp.).
Although the samples corresponded to the beginning of coronavirus disease-19 spread in Brazil and clinically correlated with the expected viral replication sites, none of the animals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; reassuringly, four cats tested positive or FCoV none of them were positive for SARS-CoV2. The epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in pets is considered a one health issue, important for monitoring the disease evolution, spread and minimizing the animal-human health impacts, and directing Public Health Policies.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5) are antigenically and genetically related and can establish latent infection. We aimed to analyze the applicability of the milk sample to detect latently ...BoHV-infected cattle. BoHV-1 non-vaccinated clinically healthy cows from five dairy cattle herds (herd 1, n=24; herd 2, n=39; herd 3, n=39; herd 4, n=36; herd 5, n=70) were studied. We confirmed the presence of BoHV-1, and for the first time, BoHV-5 in the milk of naturally infected dairy cattle.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. SARS-CoV-2 has been identified in cats with or without ...clinical signs.
We describe the pathological and molecular findings in a six-month-old asymptomatic cat with SARS-CoV-2 infection from Brazil, belonging to a human family with COVID-19 cases. The pool of nasopharynx and oropharynx swabs at day zero tested positive by RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2. No amplification resulted from molecular testing performed on days 7 and 14. The cat was hit by a car and died 43 days after the molecular diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry at
examination demonstrated nucleocapsid protein in samples from the lungs, kidneys, nasal conchae, trachea, intestine, brain and spleen.
The present study has highlighted the possibility that viral antigens can be detected by immunohistochemistry in multiple organs six weeks after infection, although the same tissues tested negative by RT-PCR.
The rapid worldwide spread of chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV) viruses have raised great international concern. Knowledge about the entry routes and geographic expansion of these ...arboviruses to the mainland Americas remain incomplete and controversial. Epidemics caused by arboviruses continue to cause socioeconomic burden globally, particularly in countries where vector control is difficult due to climatic or infrastructure factors. Understanding how the virus circulates and moves from one country to another is of paramount importance to assist government and health officials in anticipating future epidemics, as well as to take steps to help control or mitigate the spread of the virus. Through the analyses of the sequences of arbovirus genomes collected at different locations over time, we identified patterns of accumulated mutations, being able to trace routes of dispersion of these viruses. Here, we applied robust phylogenomic methods to trace the evolutionary dynamics of these arboviruses with special focus on Brazil, the epicenter of these triple epidemics. Our results show that CHIKV, DENV-1–4, and ZIKV followed a similar path prior to their first introductions into the mainland Americas, underscoring the need for systematic arboviral surveillance at major entry points of human population movement between countries such as airports and seaports.
Abstract
Background
Canine morbilivirus (canine distemper virus
, CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen associated with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible carnivores. Although there are CDV ...vaccines available, the disease poses a huge threat to dogs and wildlife hosts due to vaccine failures and lack of effective treatment. Thus, the development of therapeutics is an urgent need to achieve rapid outbreak control and reduce mortality in target species. Gene silencing by RNA interference has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach against different human and animal viruses. In this study, plasmid-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against three different regions in either CDV nucleoprotein (N), or large polymerase (L) genes and recombinant adenovirus-expressing N-specific multi-shRNAs were generated. Viral cytopathic effect, virus titration, plaque-forming unit reduction, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis were used to check the efficiency of constructs against CDV.
Results
In CDV-infected VerodogSLAM cells, shRNA-expressing plasmids targeting the N gene markedly inhibited the CDV replication in a dose-dependent manner, with viral genomes and titers being decreased by over 99%. Transfection of plasmid-based shRNAs against the L gene displayed weaker inhibition of viral RNA level and virus yield as compared to CDV N shRNAs. A combination of shRNAs targeting three sites in the N gene considerably reduced CDV RNA and viral titers, but their effect was not synergistic. Recombinant adenovirus-expressing multiple shRNAs against CDV N gene achieved a highly efficient knockdown of CDV N mRNAs and successful inhibition of CDV replication.
Conclusions
We found that this strategy had strong silencing effects on CDV replication in vitro. Our findings indicate that the delivery of shRNAs using plasmid or adenovirus vectors potently inhibits CDV replication and provides a basis for the development of therapeutic strategies for clinical trials.
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a pathogen of high economic importance in equine breeding operations around the world. EHV-1 infection causes respiratory, neurologic and reproductive disease. The ...absence of an efficient therapy has caught the attention of the scientific community and the therapeutic activities of natural products with its antivirals effects might be effective for the disease's treatment. Herein it was evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of quercetin and ethanolic extracts of Bacharis dracunculifolia formulations compared to Penciclovir® in an in vivo EHV-1 infection model. Six to seven-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were randomly organized into fifteen groups with six animals each. Ex-1 represents the treatment post-challenge groups to assess morbidity, mortality and weight variation. Ex-2 represents the animals that received treatment for 5 days post-challenge for lesion evaluation. In Ex-3 animals were treated prior to viral challenge to assess morbidity, mortality and weight variation. All mice in the treatment groups were challenged by intranasal inoculation of 3.0 × 105 TCID50 EHV-1. The quercetin and B. dracunculifolia treatment decreased morbimortality in post-challenge treatment (Ex-1) and EHV-1 related lesions (Ex-2). Treatment prior to viral challenge (Ex-3) did not show any significant results. Based on the results of the present study, both tested formulations are promising antiviral agents for the treatment of EHV-1 infection.
•We used a murine model to study the therapeutic action of two new antiviral candidates against EHV1.•Quercetin and extract of B. dracunculifolia attenuated clinical signs of the animals infected in the post-treatment.•Quercetin and extract of B. dracunculifolia decreased lesions in mice challenged with EHV-1.
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