A Quick Reference on Hypokalemia Kogika, Márcia Mery; de Morais, Helio Autran
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice
47, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Hypokalemia is more common than hyperkalemia and usually is caused by excessive losses of potassium from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. Serum potassium should be investigated in patients ...developing chronic or frequent vomiting or diarrhea, marked polyuria, muscle weakness, or unexpected cardiac arrhythmias, as well as in those undergoing therapy with insulin, diuretics, or total parenteral nutrition. Clinical signs develop when serum potassium deficit is moderate or severe.
A Quick Reference on Chloride Bohn, Andrea A; de Morais, Helio Autran
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice
47, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Chloride is an essential element, playing important roles in digestion, muscular activity, regulation of body fluids, and acid-base balance. As the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid, ...chloride plays a major role in maintaining electroneutrality. Chloride is intrinsically linked to sodium in maintaining osmolality and fluid balance and has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate in maintaining acid-base balance. It is likely because of these close ties that chloride does not get the individual attention it deserves; we can use these facts to simplify and interpret changes in serum chloride concentrations.
A Quick Reference on Hyperkalemia Kogika, Márcia Mery; de Morais, Helio Autran
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice
47, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The clinical signs of hyperkalemia usually are less evident than hypokalemia. Arrhythmia and bradycardia could be the first changes noticed. Most cases of persistent hyperkalemia are associated with ...renal retention of potassium. Common causes for hyperkalemia include hypoadrenocorticism, ruptured bladder, and urethral or bilateral ureteral obstruction. Drug such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, potassium-sparing diuretics, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can also lead to hyperkalemia.
Despite previous reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats worldwide, the type of swab sample used for its detection through RT-qPCR needs to be better compared and described. Accordingly, as ...part of a multicenter study in Brazil, the aim of the present study was to assess which rectal or oropharyngeal swabs would be more appropriate for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs, through viral load comparison. Pets of owners diagnosed with COVID-19 in the last 7 days were eligible. A total of 148 animals from four of the five Brazilian geographical regions were analyzed, among which 10/48 cats (20.83%) and 11/100 dogs (11.00%) were positive. The results suggested that oropharyngeal swabs should be considered for SARS-CoV-2 detection, particularly in cats, due to the higher cDNA viral load. Also, the genomic results showed similarities between SARS-CoV-2 animal variants and human variants that were circulating at the time of sampling, thus corroborating the existence of zooanthroponotic transmission. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the importance of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring among cats and dogs, as virus modification may indicate the possibility of mutations in animals and spillover back to owners. Thus, positive individuals should always self-isolate from their pets during COVID-19, to prevent trans-species transmission and mutation.
A Quick Reference on Metabolic Alkalosis Foy, Daniel S; de Morais, Helio Autran
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice
47, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Metabolic alkalemia is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate concentration and base excess, an increase in pH, and a compensatory increase in carbon dioxide pressure. This article outlines ...indications for analysis, reference ranges, causes, and clinical signs of metabolic alkalosis. Algorithms for evaluation of patients with acid-base disorders and metabolic alkalosis are included.
Compensation for Acid-Base Disorders De Caro Carella, Chiara; de Morais, Helio Autran
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice
47, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Hydrogen concentration is a critical determinant of many physiologic functions and is tightly regulated. Any alteration in acid-base equilibrium sets into motion a compensatory response by either the ...lungs or the kidneys. The compensatory response attempts to return the ratio between Pco
and HCO
to normal and thereby minimize the pH change. A primary increase or decrease in one component is associated with a predictable compensatory change in the same direction in the other component, and the expected compensation can be estimated clinically in dogs and cats.
Metabolic acidosis: a quick reference de Morais, Helio Autran
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice,
05/2008, Volume:
38, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article serves as a quick reference for metabolic acidosis. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
To determine the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in cats and its typical regions of cardiac expression.
5 healthy adult mixed-breed cats.
Total RNA was ...extracted from samples obtained from the left and right atrium, left and right ventricle, and interventricular septum of each cat. The RNA was used to produce cDNA for sequencing and northern blot analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from feline blood samples. Polymerase chain reaction primers designed from consensus sequences of other species were used to clone and sequence the feline ANP gene.
The feline ANP gene consists of 1,072 nucleotides. It consists of 3 exons (123, 327, and 12 nucleotides) separated by 2 introns (101 and 509 nucleotides). It has several typical features of eukaryotic genes and a putative steroid-response element located within the second intron. Preprohormone ANP consists of 153 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the active form of feline ANP (ANP-30) is identical to that of equine, bovine, and ovine ANP-30 and differs from that of human, canine, and porcine ANP-28 only by 2 carboxy-terminal arginine residues. The ANP mRNA was detected only in the left and right atria.
The genetic and protein structure and principal regions of cardiac expression of feline ANP are similar to those of other species. Results of this study should be helpful in future studies on the natriuretic response in cats to diseases that affect cardiovascular function.
