The term precautionary logic denotes a kind of argumentation that urges us to take far-reaching preventative measures. This form of argumentation appeals to a number of presuppositions about society, ...the environment, and human behaviour. Precautionary logic appeals to a sense of fragility of humankind and the environment, the uncertainty of scientific knowledge, the destructive tendencies of technology, the responsibility we have toward each other and towards future generations, and to the possibility of averting environmental catastrophe by adopting the wisdom of precaution as a guide. In its outlook, precautionary logic shares assumptions with early and mediaeval Christian thought. It argues for a restoration and maintenance of harmony between humankind and that which sustains it. In mediaeval times, this sustaining power was God; in secular times, it is nature itself, or the ecosystem. Adoption of this paradigm of harmony and precaution leads to a politics of moderation in which all behaviour seen as excessive, immodest, or risky should be curtailed.
After reviewing some of the most important features of Hungarian rural development, the paper attempts to explore participation and roles of non-profit organisations in this field, through the lenses ...of the LEADER+ Programme. As a study area, one of the seven development regions of Hungary, the Southern Transdanubian Region was selected for the analysis. On the basis of the results and the reviewed literature, the author gets to the conclusion that rural non-profit organisations have an important role to play in animating and mobilizing rural population
A magyar vidékfejlesztés néhány legfontosabb jellemzőjének áttekintését követően a szerző kísérletet tesz a nonprofit szervezetek e területen való részvételének és szerepeinek feltárására - a LEADER+ Program szemüvegén keresztül. Az elemzés vizsgálati területeként Magyarország hét fejlesztési régiója közül a Dél-Dunántúli Régió került kiválasztásra. A vizsgálati eredmények, és az áttekintett szakirodalom alapján a szerző arra a következtetésre jut, hogy a vidéki nonprofit szervezeteknek fontos szerepe van a vidéki lakosság aktivizálásában és mozgósításában.
Criminal lawyers and criminologists often refer to contemporary society as the risk society, dominated by an awareness and fear of risks that threaten security: for instance, terrorist attacks. ...Governments respond to this fear by taking measures that prevent such risks as much as possible. This has led to the development of a concomitant change to preventive criminal justice, illustrated most prominently with regard to recent anti-terrorism legislation. There is much debate in criminal law circles, engaging both scholars and politicians, on the need for preventive criminal law. Different points of view are expressed. Often, the framework against which preventive criminal law is assessed is human rights law: in European circles, the European Convention for the Protect of Human Rights. In this paper, we opt for a different approach: preventive criminal justice is evaluated on the basis of the precautionary principle.
The main purpose of this article is to promote clarification of the relationship between the precautionary principle and the prevent(at)ive principle in public international law. One of the questions ...addressed in this connection is whether the presence of uncertainty is a condition for the applicability of the precautionary principle. The article stresses and discusses the distinction between preventative and precautionary logic on the one hand and the corresponding legal principles on the other hand. It concludes, among other things, that in the international law of the environment the precautionary principle must be regarded as having absorbed the preventative principle or, alternatively, as being its most developed form. The widespread endorsement of the precautionary principle has thus made the continued existence of a separate preventative principle in international law superfluous.
Small towns ensure services on the basic urban level, jobs, social contacts, occasions to travel outside the micro-region, services of the state administration and sometimes also an identity of the ...micro-region. Mass commuting from villages to small towns is usual for Czechia for a long time. Small towns in peripheral regions are of our interest. Character of these towns is given by the remoteness and bad accessibility from regional centers, by the lack of investments, problems of human capital etc. Nevertheless, the peripheral small towns remain the definite centers of their hinterlands because of the lack of competition in majority of cases. The second demographic transition leads to ageing of rural population. Sub-urbanization and counter-urbanization impacts on the population shift from big and medium cities to the countryside. In the process of globalization, the countryside including small towns plays a role of bearer of the traditional way of life. Transferring the jobs from productive to non-productive branches endangers the countryside by losing jobs in industry. Increasing value of leisure, environment, space, security etc. offers new chances for small towns.
Malá města zajišťují služby na základní městské úrovni, pracovní příležitosti, sociální kontakty, příležitosti cestovat mimo mikroregion, služby státní správy a někdy identitu mikroregionu. Masová vyjížďka s venkova do malých měst je v Česku typická po dlouhé období. Předmětem našeho zájmu jsou malá města v periferních regionech. Charakter těchto měst je dán vzdáleností a špatnou dostupností regionálních center, nedostatkem investic, problémy humánního kapitálu atd. Nicméně malá města v periferních regionech zůstávají nezpochybnitelnými středisky svého zázemí kvůli nedostatku konkurence. Suburbanizace a kontraurbanizace způsobily přesun obyvatel z velkých a středních měst na venkov. V procesu globalizace hraje venkov včetně malých měst úlohu nositele tradičního způsobu života. Přesun pracovních příležitostí z výrobních odvětví do služeb ohrožuje venkov ztrátou míst v průmyslu. Zvyšující se hodnota volného času, životního prostředí, prostoru, bezpečnosti otevírá pro malá města nové příležitosti.
The paper attempts to deal with the problem of the demographic situation of rural population in Ukraine during intensive socio-economic transformations (1990-2007). In the time-spatial depiction ...there were analysed the following elements of the demographic and socio-economic situation of rural population: changes in population number, birth rate, mortality rate and structure, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, population's age and gender structure, natural increase and migration rate, employment level and structure, unemployment rate, level and structure of income and basic household expenditure, poverty rate, level of satisfaction with one's own material situation. It was found that Ukraine has seen a deep demographic crisis resulting from historical and socio-economic factors. It is also a consequence of the steady impediment and falsification of agricultural reforms.
Artykuł poświęcony jest demograficznym problemom ludności wiejskiej Ukrainy w okresie intensywnych przemian społeczno-gospodarczych (lata 1990-2007). W artykule przeanalizowano w ujęciu przestrzenno-czasowym następujące elementy demograficznej i społeczno-gospodarczej sytuacji ludności wiejskiej: zmiany liczby ludności, współczynniki urodzeń, zgonów ludności oraz struktura zgonów, współczynniki umieralności niemowląt, płodności kobiet, struktura ludności według wieku i płci, współczynniki przyrostu naturalnego i migracyjnego, poziom oraz struktura zatrudnienia i bezrobocia ludności, poziom oraz struktura dochodów i wydatków gospodarstw domowych, wskaźniki ubóstwa, a także stopień zadowolenia ludności ze swojej własnej sytuacji materialnej.
Precautionary judgment, decision, and action are needed in situations involving serious uncertain risk. Examples are mountain climbing, nanotechnology, global warming, and international terrorism. ...The history of the Precautionary Principle (PP) shows that its proponents and opponents have different appraisals of probabilistic risk analysis. However, modern risk governance and precautionary safety management seem to be converging into a balance of useful substance and feasible procedure. In this paper, the PP is unfolded as a three-way principle for risk assessment, decision-making, and risk control. For an integrative circumscription of the PP, ten key issues are identified. These are discussed one by one, whereby rational precautionary decision-making is particularly illustrated via the concrete example of a railway bomb alarm. It is argued that a substantive-analytical framework is indispensable, that a decision-theoretic perspective may offer useful guidance, that the PP is a rational (survival) rather than a normative (ideological) principle, that the need to avoid false negatives versus false positives may well differ among distinct policy domains, and that precautionary pessimism should stimulate towards improved, multi-sided control of uncertain risks. Concluding questions are answered and research suggestions are formulated.
Because we acknowledge both the importance of the geographical context on agritourism and
the richness of benchmarking, discussions aim to underline and to understand original agritourism practices ...in relation to their spatial context. According to Sznajder et al. (2009) attention has to be paid to the historical structure of economy, the state of farming, the demographic situation, the accessibility, the social attitudes, the capital resources. Therefore the structure of the farms, the available labour force and buildings, the capital resources as well as the surroundings (including landscape features, natural and cultural heritages) comprise the main characteristics. This special issue aims to explore both the local impacts of agritourism development and the positioning of agritourism on tourist market.
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