In October 1941 Hitler launched Operation Typhoon the German drive to capture Moscow and knock the Soviet Union out of the war. As the last chance to escape the dire implications of a winter ...campaign, Hitler directed seventy-five German divisions, almost two million men and three of Germany's four panzer groups into the offensive, resulting in huge victories at Viaz'ma and Briansk - among the biggest battles of the Second World War. David Stahel's groundbreaking new account of Operation Typhoon captures the perspectives of both the German high command and individual soldiers, revealing that despite success on the battlefield the wider German war effort was in far greater trouble than is often acknowledged. Germany's hopes of final victory depended on the success of the October offensive but the autumn conditions and the stubborn resistance of the Red Army ensured that the capture of Moscow was anything but certain.
Italians were the largest group of immigrants to the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, and hundreds of thousands led and participated in some of the period's most volatile labor ...strikes. Jennifer Guglielmo brings to life the Italian working-class women of New York and New Jersey who helped shape the vibrant radical political culture that expanded into the emerging industrial union movement. Tracing two generations of women who worked in the needle and textile trades, she explores the ways immigrant women and their American-born daughters drew on Italian traditions of protest to form new urban female networks of everyday resistance and political activism. She also shows how their commitment to revolutionary and transnational social movements diminished as they became white working-class Americans.
A total science Prevost, Jean-Guy
A total science,
c2009, 20090912, 2014, 2009, 2009-09-12, 20090101
eBook
In A Total Science, Jean-Guy Prévost charts how Italian statistics emerged as a full-fledged discipline, giving rise to a network of university chairs, journals, and other institutions. He focuses on ...episodes such as the creation of the famous Gini coefficient and the statisticians' participation in Italy's war effort and also analyses the intellectual project to which most statisticians were committed, that of creating a quantitative social science. In doing so he reveals the political and ideological use of the work of statisticians during the Fascist era.
Im Sommer 1914 schickte der russische Agrarwissenschaftler und Bodenkundler Konstantin Glinka ein Manuskript nach Berlin. Es enthielt die erste an eine ausländische Leserschaft gerichtete Darstellung ...der russischen Bodenkunde, einer frühökologischen Lehre vom Boden, die auf der Erforschung der Schwarzerde fußte. Dies war der Beginn einer Erfolgsgeschichte: Die russische Bodenkunde reüssierte in der Zwischenkriegszeit in Europa und den USA. Nach 1945 wurde sie zu einem Klassiker der modernen Agrar- und Umweltwissenschaften.Jan Arend erzählt die Geschichte eines Wissenstransfers von Ost nach West. Er folgt Wissenschaftlern, Manuskripten und Begriffen – von den Schwarzerde-Provinzen des Russischen Reichs über die Podien internationaler Konferenzen bis in die Kabinette von amerikanischen Agrarplanern und Bodenschätzern in NS-Deutschland. Das Buch führt dabei in anschaulicher Weise vor Augen, wie sich Wissen in Form und Inhalt transformiert, wenn es übersetzt, vermittelt und in neue politis
Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed key developments in LGBT history, including the growth of the world's first homosexual organizations and gay and lesbian ...magazines, as well as an influential community of German sexologists and psychoanalysts. Queer Identities and Politics in Germany describes these events in detail, from vibrant gay social scenes to the Nazi persecution that sent many LGBT people to concentration camps. Clayton J. Whisnant recounts the emergence of various queer identities in Germany from 1880 to 1945 and the political strategies pursued by early homosexual activists. Drawing on recent English and German-language scholarship, he enriches the debate over whether science contributed to social progress or persecution during this period, and he offers new information on the Nazis' preoccupation with homosexuality. The book's epilogue locates remnants of the pre-1945 era in Germany today.
This article sketches the outlines of an intellectual biography of Rabbi Dr Salis Daiches (1880-1945) who served the Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation from 1919 until his death. It seeks to establish his ...education and career path to understand his relationship to the religious leadership of the United Synagogue. It also considers the foundations of his model of a synthesis of traditional religious education and practice with an equivalent secular education and full participation in wider society.
This article examines Jewish religious life and rabbinic leadership in the city of Vilna (Vilnius) during the First World War by focusing on three figures: Rabbi Hayim Ozer Grodzienski, Rabbi Isaac ...Rubinstein and Ester Rubinstein (the wife of the latter). Humanitarian and social crisis, together with political change, disrupted religious life in Vilna, leading to a retrenchment of Orthodoxy, as it ceased to be the way of the establishment and became one Jewish movement among many. New schools and new communal institutions were formed, while rabbis reformulated the traditional lay-rabbinic division of labour. While the Rubinsteins used the war to further a religious-Zionist model that made compromises with modernity, Grodzienski favoured a more traditionalist stance. These differences led to a postwar split between religious Zionism and ultra-Orthodoxy.
The rise of the middle classes brought a sharp increase in the number of young men and women able to attend university. Developing in the wake of this increase, the university novel often centred on ...male undergraduates at either Oxford or Cambridge. Bogen argues that an analysis of the lesser known female narratives can provide new insights.
Before about 1900, most strikes in the United States were either won or lost by the workers who called them. Relatively few strikes ended in any sort of compromise. Sometime during the last decade of ...the 19th century, however, the pattern begins to change, with the fraction of strikes ending in compromise peaking at nearly half during World Wars I and II. What explains these changes in strike outcomes between the late 19th century and 1945? We explore the effects of macroeconomic conditions, industrial organization and product markets, labor organization, law and public policy, and immigration and trade on the costs and benefits of achieving strike compromises. We find that temporary government intervention in settling strikes during World War I helped move labor and management away from an adversarial equilibrium, and thus allowed growing acceptance of organized labor to be reflected in a permanent increase in the rate of compromise. We conclude that changes in the nature of strike outcomes represent an important and neglected aspect of broader changes in the place of organized labor in the American political economy.
► We trace the increase in the fraction of strikes that end in compromise in the U.S. from 1880 to 1945. ► The rate increased from 10% to 50%. ► We explore macroeconomic conditions, industrial and labor organization, and public policy. ► Temporary government intervention during WWI led to a permanent increase in the compromise rate.
For more than half a century, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Gaimusho) possessed an independent police force that operated within the space of Japan’s informal empire on the Asian ...continent. Charged with "protecting and controlling" local Japanese communities first in Korea and later in China, these consular police played a critical role in facilitating Japanese imperial expansion during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Remarkably, however, this police force remains largely unknown. Crossing Empire’s Edge is the first book in English to reveal its complex history. Based on extensive analysis of both archival and recently published Japanese sources, Erik Esselstrom describes how the Gaimusho police became deeply involved in the surveillance and suppression of the Korean independence movement in exile throughout Chinese treaty ports and the Manchurian frontier during the 1920s and 1930s. It had in fact evolved over the years from a relatively benign public security organization into a full-fledged political intelligence apparatus devoted to apprehending purveyors of "dangerous thought" throughout the empire. Furthermore, the history of consular police operations indicates that ideological crime was a borderless security problem; Gaimusho police worked closely with colonial and metropolitan Japanese police forces to target Chinese, Korean, and Japanese suspects alike from Shanghai to Seoul to Tokyo. Esselstrom thus offers a nuanced interpretation of Japanese expansionism by highlighting the transnational links between consular, colonial, and metropolitan policing of subversive political movements during the prewar and wartime eras. In addition, by illuminating the fervor with which consular police often pressed for unilateral solutions to Japan’s political security crises on the continent, he challenges orthodox understandings of the relationship between civil and military institutions within the imperial Japanese state. While historians often still depict the Gaimusho as an inhibitor of unilateral military expansionism during the first half of the twentieth century, Esselstrom’s exposé on the activities and ideology of the consular police dramatically challenges this narrative. Revealing a far greater complexity of motivation behind the Japanese colonial mission, Crossing Empire’s Edge boldly illustrates how the imperial Japanese state viewed political security at home as inextricably connected to political security abroad from as early as 1919—nearly a decade before overt military aggression began—and approaches northeast Asia as a region of intricate and dynamic social, economic, and political forces. In doing so, Crossing Empire’s Edge inspires new ways of thinking about both modern Japanese history and the modern history of Japan in East Asia.
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