Eighteen. Twenty-one. Sixty-five. In America today, we recognize these numbers as key transitions in our lives-precise moments when our rights and opportunities change-when we become eligible to cast ...a vote, buy a drink, or enroll in Medicare.This volume brings together scholars of childhood, adulthood, and old age to explore how and why particular ages have come to define the rights and obligations of American citizens.
Since the founding of the nation, Americans have relied on chronological age to determine matters as diverse as who can marry, work, be enslaved, drive a car, or qualify for a pension. Contributors to this volume explore what meanings people in the past ascribed to specific ages and whether or not earlier Americans believed the same things about particular ages as we do. The means by which Americans imposed chronological boundaries upon the variable process of growing up and growing old offers a paradigmatic example of how people construct cultural meaning and social hierarchy from embodied experience. Further, chronological age always intersects with other socially constructed categories such as gender, race, and sexuality. Ranging from the seventeenth century to the present, taking up a variety of distinct subcultures-from frontier children and antebellum slaves to twentieth-century Latinas-Age in America makes a powerful case that age has always been a key index of citizenship.
This book asks why some countries devote the lion's share of their social policy resources to the elderly, while others have a more balanced repertoire of social spending. Far from being the outcome ...of demands for welfare spending by powerful age-based groups in society, the 'age' of welfare is an unintended consequence of the way that social programs are set up. The way that politicians use welfare state spending to compete for votes, along either programmatic or particularistic lines, locks these early institutional choices into place. So while society is changing - aging, divorcing, moving in and out of the labor force over the life course in new ways - social policies do not evolve to catch up. The result, in occupational welfare states like Italy, the United States, and Japan, is social spending that favors the elderly and leaves working-aged adults and children largely to fend for themselves.
This book examines the various ways in which age affects the process and the product of foreign language learning in a school setting. It presents studies that cover a wide range of topics, from ...phonetics to learning strategies. It will be of interest to students and researchers working in SLA research, language planning and language teaching.
Dieser Beitrag ist eine kritische Beurteilung von Wert und Nutzen des Fremdsprachenunterrichts bei Grundschulkindern, gestützt aufForschungsergebnisse des frühen Spracherwerbs. Dabei werden auch ...globale sprachpolitische Faktoren diskutiert. Der Beitrag schliesst mit Empfehlungen für eine gute Fremdsprachenlehrpraxis.
Objectives:To determine whether children with cleft palate might benefit from early long-term tympanostomy tubes with the hypothesis that receiving multiple tubes is associated with shorter duration ...of first tubes.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Tertiary care children’s hospital.Participants:Records from 401 consecutive children with cleft palate ± cleft lip, born April 2005 to April 2010, were reviewed. After exclusion of children with cleft repair at an outside hospital, no follow-up after 5 years of age, intact secondary palate, no tubes, or tube replacement at palatoplasty, 105 children remained.Main Outcome Measure:Number of tubes.Results:Armstrong grommet tubes were placed at a median age of 6.7 months (range 2.3-19.6 months). Tubes were replaced in 55.3% of patients, with 34.0% receiving ≥3 sets. Duration of first tubes was significantly longer for children with 1 set of tubes compared with those with multiple sets (median 26 vs 19 months, P = .004). Otorrhea, but not perforation, was associated with longer duration of first tubes (median 27 vs 20.5 months, P = .028). Cleft type did not impact the proportion of patients with multiple tubes. Median age at last tube placement for children with multiple tubes was 5.0 years (range 1.9-8.7 years).Conclusion:Short duration of first tubes is associated with receiving multiple tubes. Because most patients require repeat tubes and many require tubes until school age, there is a significant need for controlled, prospective trials of early long-term tube placement in this population.
Age of Information: An Introduction and Survey Yates, Roy D.; Sun, Yin; Brown, D. Richard ...
IEEE journal on selected areas in communications,
05/2021, Volume:
39, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We summarize recent contributions in the broad area of age of information (AoI). In particular, we describe the current state of the art in the design and optimization of low-latency cyberphysical ...systems and applications in which sources send time-stamped status updates to interested recipients. These applications desire status updates at the recipients to be as timely as possible; however, this is typically constrained by limited system resources. We describe AoI timeliness metrics and present general methods of AoI evaluation analysis that are applicable to a wide variety of sources and systems. Starting from elementary single-server queues, we apply these AoI methods to a range of increasingly complex systems, including energy harvesting sensors transmitting over noisy channels, parallel server systems, queueing networks, and various single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. We also explore how update age is related to MMSE methods of sampling, estimation and control of stochastic processes. The paper concludes with a review of efforts to employ age optimization in cyberphysical applications.
Objective
Evidence on the impact of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in pregnancy on birth size is inconsistent. We aimed to examine the association between LTPA during early and late pregnancy ...and newborn anthropometric outcomes.
Design
Individual level meta‐analysis, which reduces heterogeneity across studies.
Setting
A consortium of eight population‐based studies (seven European and one US) comprising 72 694 participants.
Methods
Generalised linear models with consistent inclusion of confounders (gestational age, sex, parity, maternal age, education, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, and alcohol intake) were used to test associations between self‐reported LTPA at either early (8–18 weeks gestation) or late pregnancy (30+ weeks) and the outcomes. Results were pooled using random effects meta‐analyses.
Main outcome measures
Birth weight, large‐for‐gestational age (LGA), macrosomia, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA), % body fat, and ponderal index at birth.
Results
Late, but not early, gestation maternal moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous activity, and LTPA energy expenditure were modestly inversely associated with BW, LGA, macrosomia, and ponderal index, without heterogeneity (all: I2 = 0%). For each extra hour/week of MVPA, RR for LGA and macrosomia were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96, 0.98) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98), respectively. Associations were only modestly reduced after additional adjustments for maternal BMI and gestational diabetes. No measure of LTPA was associated with risk for SGA.
Conclusions
Physical activity in late, but not early, pregnancy is consistently associated with modestly lower risk of LGA and macrosomia, but not SGA.
Tweetable
In an individual participant meta‐analysis, late pregnancy moderate to vigorous physical activity modestly reduced birth size outcomes.
Tweetable
In an individual participant meta‐analysis, late pregnancy moderate to vigorous physical activity modestly reduced birth size outcomes.