Public policies originate in different fields. Multiple stakeholders may be involved in their development and may exert an influence at different stages of the policymaking process. This paper ...analyzes how legislators discuss crowdfunding policies in Spain in the initial stages of the policymaking process. The paper analyzes the discussion of crowdfunding in the lower and upper houses of Spanish parliament over the last five legislatures (2011–2021). Semantic analysis was carried out. The corpus was defined based on the official government website, where all crowdfunding policymaking initiatives are registered. The most relevant and frequent combination of crowdfunding phenomena was related to start-ups and entrepreneurship. This research provides insights into the business areas where crowdfunding has been discussed in parliamentary sessions. Although this study focuses on Spain, the semantic analysis is broad enough to generalize the results to other countries in future research. The study sheds light on a novel area of research on perceptions toward crowdfunding. This study can help in creating persuasive messages and a secure ecosystem to attract investors and funding on crowdfunding platforms.
•Implement constant nonpharmaceutical countermeasures early to control an epidemic.•Implement temporary nonpharmaceutical countermeasures when infectious are high.•A 2-level control policy is ...effective for reducing the total size of an epidemic.•The upper control level is the target we try to curb the current infectious below.•The lower control level is when we switch back to normal.
Governments and organizations must implement appropriate countermeasures at proper times to control an epidemic and its dynamics. This paper provides a framework for implementing both constant and temporary countermeasures. We show that imposing constant countermeasures (e.g., wearing face masks and keeping social distances till the end of an epidemic cycle) will reduce the total size, and the earlier the more total size reduction. We should implement constant countermeasures as early as possible. Next, temporary countermeasures (e.g., closing businesses in a short period) can always reduce the total size. But implementing temporary countermeasures earlier does not necessarily reduce the total size more. Rather, we should carry out temporary countermeasures around when infectious are high. Based on empirical data and analytical models, we then present a 2-level control policy for restraining infectious peaks and for reducing the total size. The upper control level is a target we try to curb the current infectious below, whereas the lower control level is when we switch back to normal. A tighter control level requires longer closing periods with a more total size reduction, but the total size reduction per closing period becomes less. Implementing a heavier temporary countermeasure (e.g., lockdown vs. only school closing) does not always reduce the total size more because the infectious will bounce back higher when reopen. Dynamic lax-tight policies (lax control early and tight control late) are better than their corresponding tight-lax policies. The crucial reason is a tailing effect: higher infectious lingering around in the late stages.
•Explores information sharing from a strategic view point.•Basic question is share or not share, not how to distribute savings after sharing.•Based on valuing different aspects of information that ...might be shared.•Game theory and Pareto optimal approaches applied to simple examples.
There are well-documented examples of successful, mutually beneficial collaborations in supply chains; however, the failure rate of collaborations that are initiated is surprisingly high. This research focuses on one cornerstone of a successful collaboration, information sharing. The idea is to help companies who are considering a collaborative opportunity to evaluate the value of the information that would be shared so efforts are only expended on potential collaborations that have an acceptable reward for the risk. This proposed methodology is an optimality-based approach that uses game theory and considers information sharing in both the competition-cooperation and coopetition environments. Value is first assigned to information along several dimensions that allows payoff matrices to be constructed. Using these, Nash equilibrium and Pareto optimality are used to provide insights for decision makers.
Our original 2007 Journal of International Business Studies article, “The determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, was the first theoretically based empirical analysis of the ...phenomenon. It utilised internalisation theory to explain the internationalisation of Chinese state-owned enterprises. This paper showed that we had failed to ask sufficiently challenging questions about the effects of home country institutions on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). This Retrospective builds on the extensive subsequent research to show the importance of context in constructing satisfactory theoretical explanations of OFDI. Building on these foundations, we propose research challenges for the next decade on Chinese OFDI that transcend the Chinese context and have wider theoretical applicability. Examining alternative forms of social and economic organisation allows the creation of special theories of foreign direct investment nested within the general theory. Following such a strategy would enable International Business research to make a contribution across the social sciences.
To advance their interests by shaping public policies and influencing government decision-making, companies use internal resources, outside lobbyists, or trade associations to lobby. This article ...examines companies’ use of outside lobbyists even though in-house capacity exists and explores how these resources complement each other. The study aims to offer practical advice to companies and lobbying consultancies regarding the optimal use of internal and external government relations resources. Another aim of the study is to examine how companies monitor the lobbying efforts of the consultancies they hire. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 35 in-house government relations managers and executives to accomplish these goals. The research showed that companies engage with outside lobbyists for two leading reasons: to help with specific issues that have no internal expertise and to provide surge capacity. The interviews identified six ways companies use outside lobbyists: they provide (1) strategic advice, (2) external validation, (3) political intelligence, (4) contact plans, (5) logistical support, and (6) assistance with tough conversations.
We use the Power-Responsibility Equilibrium (PRE) framework and advance that consumers balance perceived deficits in privacy protection by power holders (businesses and regulators) with defensive ...actions. In our model, consumer privacy concern is the endogenous mediating entity linking business policy and regulatory perceptions to negative online user responses. The model was empirically tested and confirmed in an experimental setting. In a second study, we added the nature of consumer information involved into a sub-model. Here, we investigated the moderating role of information sensitivity and congruency on the business policy-concern relationship across three industry contexts. Both hypothesized two-way interactions were confirmed, suggesting that a strong business policy is effective in reducing concern when low sensitivity data are gathered, but insufficient in reducing concern for highly sensitive data. Furthermore, concern increased dramatically when sensitive data were collected that were incongruent with the business context.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The advent of Industry 4.0 as the research objectives integrated by the Internet of Things (IoT), which offers a transformative shift in sustainable business policies. As the World Economic Forum ...reported, it is steadily reshaping established business sustainability frameworks. This study divides the pivotal role that IoT-centric Industry 4.0 technologies play in shaping business policies, focusing keenly on their impacts on market share and business innovation - two key catalysts command the path of organizational sustainability, the hypothesis is presented by 10 items. Data from 289 Chinese enterprises are analyzed by Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), which reveals a significant development in business policy efficacy fostered by these emerging technologies. The finding shows that these innovations are central to enhancing sustainable business practices, primarily influencing pivotal aspects such as Product Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Operational Efficiency. The maximum proportion of variation accounted for by an SF was 47.225%. MC test shows that the VIF values vary between 1.993 and 3.971. Importantly, the research underscores that environmentally aligned business strategies strengthen market share and fuel business innovation, resulting in heightened organizational performance. This study is a crucial proposal for integrating IoT-focused Industry 4.0 advancements into sustainable business policy frameworks, which will steer nations and corporations toward concurrently achieving economic and long-term sustainability objectives.
SBIR system in Japan has achieved certain results such as totally subsidizing 14 trillion yen for 94,000 SMEs since the system was founded in 1999. On the other hand, Various institutional issues ...have become apparent, such as the portfolio issue that the subsidies of some ministries account for a large proportion, and the issue that uniform rules for grants is not maintained. In addition, in recent years, due to the diversification of needs for solving social issues and the fragmentation and complexity of science and technology, the importance of creating innovation through support to SMEs, mainly startup companies, has been increasing.With all these matters in mind, at the 201st ordinary session of the Diet, The Act Partially Amending Basic Act on Science and Technology and Related Acts was enacted, and SBIR system in Japan was reviewed to contribute to the promotion of innovation by startup companies and SMEs. In particular, the position of the system as an innovation policy was clarified, and some subsidies will be operated by each ministry under the uniform rules such as setting issues based on policy challenges and needs of public procurement by each ministry and adopting a gated process with 3 phases.In the future, we hope that new SBIR system in Japan will contribute to innovation in Japan by being steadily operated and making continuous improvements.
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