The above article from Development Policy Review, published as Accepted Article online on 12 June 2019 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been withdrawn by agreement among ...the authors, the Journal Editor‐in‐Chief Annalisa Prizzon and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of Overseas Development Institute. The withdrawal has been agreed because the paper was published inadvertently as the result of an administrative error.
Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf has left a formidable legacy on the social policy of Hyderabad state, which was ruled by an Indian ruler during British colonial rule. As a field anthropologist, ...administrator and professor at Osmania University, Haimendorf played an important role in designing Adivasi development policies that were mainly rooted in a paternalistic and evolutionistic approach—what I call anthropological developmentalism—which was designed to overturn the political aspirations of the Adivasi communities. This approach neither empowered the Adivasis nor protected them from outsiders. Yet, Haimendorf and his legacy have been celebrated by the Adivasis in particular, and the state in general. This article explores this paradox by examining the intellectual and contextual role of Haimendorf’s anthropological ideas and their application to Hyderabad state.
•Discusses the efforts world-wide to create ‘smart cities’ using information technologies.•Reviews the spatial factors which differentiate smart city development policies on the basis of four ...strategic choices.•Presents the advantages and disadvantages of each strategic choice.•Illustrates smart city strategy case studies from all over the world.
This paper reviews the factors which differentiate policies for the development of smart cities, in an effort to provide a clear view of the strategic choices that come forth when mapping out such a strategy. The paper commences with a review and categorization of four strategic choices with a spatial reference, on the basis of the recent smart city literature and experience. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategic choice are presented. In the second part of the paper, the previous choices are illustrated through smart city strategy cases from all over the world. The third part of the paper includes recommendations for the development of smart cities based on the combined conclusions of the previous parts. The paper closes with a discussion of the insights that were provided and recommendations for future research areas.
In the past few years decision‐making processes and the normative underpinnings of EU external relations have become subject to intense debate in the European institutions, member states and the ...wider public. Previous research suggests that there is variation in the extent to which individual domains of EU external relations are politicized and contested. This special issue aims to theorize further and investigate empirically this, using the example of European development policy and its relations with other external policies. We introduce two new mechanisms that drive politicization dynamics. We argue that politicization can be diffused horizontally from one policy field to another, which we call horizontal politicization. We also investigate how the politicization of EU external policies in third countries occurs and influences politicization dynamics in the EU, which we call outside‐in politicization. The introduction to the special issue presents our theoretical approach and summarizes the key findings from the special issue.
•Paradigm of the theory of urban bias is an effective tool to understand China's land development policy.•Policy is measured by the extent to which compensation deviates from the market value of ...expropriated land.•Effect of urban-biased land development on the urban-rural income gap is robust, significant, and positive.•This effect is attributed to an unbalanced urban-rural income growth associated with the land development.
Developing countries generally face the challenge of significant urban-rural divides during their process of industrialization and urbanization. Following the paradigm of the theory of urban bias (TUB), this article focuses on the urban-biased land development policy (UBLDP) in contemporary China, which refers that local governments expropriate rural land with the inadequate compensation and use a considerable share of net land revenue to develop urban areas instead of rural areas. On the basis of pointing out three practical facts about and proposing the technique to measure the UBLDP, its influence on the urban-rural income gap (URIG) is investigated by employing the GMM dynamic model along with panel data from Hubei Province over the period of 2010-2016. The results show that a 1% increase in the extent to which compensation deviates from the market value of expropriated rural land (ERL) leads to a 0.46% increase in the URIG, while this effect is attributed to an unbalanced urban-rural income growth associated with the land development. These findings not only generate a broad of direct implications for Chinese policymakers but also provide lessons for other developing countries.
•Gully land consolidation (GLC) could contribute to the optimization of land use structure and landscape pattern.•GLC could also help to guarantee the ecological security of watershed.•Limited ...development capacity and collective action could restrict local community’s social-economic response to GLC.•Land consolidation should be seen and evaluated in a broader rural development context.•The theory of human-environment system provides new perspective for analyzing the effects of land consolidation.
Exploring the impact of land consolidation on the evolution of rural human-environment system (HES) is of positive significance for optimizing land consolidation model and innovating rural development policy. Taken a typical small watershed in Yan'an city as case study area, this paper explored the impact of gully land consolidation (GLC) on local HES from the perspectives of land use, landscape pattern, ecological security, social-economic response and comprehensive evaluation, based on high-resolution remote sensing image data, landscape pattern analysis and household surveys. The results showed that: (1) GLC could contribute to the improvement of land use structure. The terraces, sloping fields, shrub land and grassland at the bottom and both sides of the gully were mostly converted to high quality check dam land. Some of the shrub land were converted to more ecologically suitable native forest due to biological measures. (2) GLC could also help to optimize the landscape pattern. The average patch area and patch cohesion index of the check dam land increased, which indicated that the function of production improved. The landscape shape index and patch cohesion index of forestland and shrub land kept at a high level, and thus their ecological function was stable. At the watershed level, the fragmentation degree of landscape decreased, the landscape tended to be more diversified and balanced, and the anti-jamming capability of landscape and stability of ecosystem improved. (3) GLC have positive effects on the ecological security. Vegetation cover, ecological environment and capacity of flood control improved significantly, and soil erosion decreased by 55%. And (4) human activities responded to the changes of geographical environment. The scale of agricultural production, agricultural mechanization, diversity and non-agriculturalization of employment increased. However, the structure of agriculture is still unitary, the efficiency of agriculture is still low, and rural development is still relatively lagging. Field investigations showed that insufficient public participation, and lack of leadership and overall planning for sustainable utilization of resources and environment are the main reasons. A ladder model has been proposed for better understanding the impacts of land consolidation on territorial human-environment system in rural China. This paper suggests that land consolidation should be seen and evaluated in a broader rural development context, and more efforts should be made to innovate the rural governance mechanism of “common consultation and collective action”, thereby exerting the comprehensive effectiveness of land consolidation and promoting the transformation development and revitalization of territorial rural HES.
With the development of information technology and its innovative applications in the field of environmental protection, the role of the internet in energy conservation and emission reduction has ...become increasingly prominent. Based on panel data from 30 provinces from 2006 to 2017 and 196 cities from 2011 to 2018 in China, this study utilizes the SBM (Slack-Based Measure) model to evaluate energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. The OLS, Spatial Durbin model, threshold model, mediating effect model, and DID (Difference in Difference) model are employed to study the direct effect, spatial spillover effect, nonlinear relationship, transmission mechanism, and policy effect of internet development on energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. The empirical results indicate that internet development has significantly promoted energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. This conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests, including IV estimation, and the substitution of dependent and independent variables. The gradual DID model based on the quasi natural experiment of “Broadband China” further proves the causal relationship between internet development and energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. Internet development can improve the latter through technological progress, energy structure, human capital, and openness. Interestingly, the impact of internet development on the energy saving and emission reduction efficiency of adjacent areas also has a significantly positive spatial spillover effect, which still exists under the spatial weight matrix of different distances. There is also solid evidence that the impact of internet development on energy saving and emission reduction efficiency is non-linear under different levels of technological progress, energy structure, human capital, and openness.
•Energy-saving and emission reduction of the 30 provinces and 196 cities in China are estimated.•The influence of internet on energy saving and emission reduction is investigated.•A Space-Durbin model that addresses potential spatial spillover factors is employed.•Internet development has significant effects on energy saving and emission reduction.•Technological progress, energy structure, human capital and openness are helpful to energy-saving.
Cities worldwide are attempting to transform themselves into smart cities. Recent cases and studies show that a key factor in this transformation is the use of urban big data from stakeholders and ...physical objects in cities. However, the knowledge and framework for data use for smart cities remain relatively unknown. This paper reports findings from an analysis of various use cases of big data in cities worldwide and the authors' four projects with government organizations toward developing smart cities. Specifically, this paper classifies the urban data use cases into four reference models and identifies six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities. Furthermore, building upon the relevant literature, this paper proposes five considerations for addressing the challenges in implementing the reference models in real-world applications. The reference models, challenges, and considerations collectively form a framework for data use for smart cities. This paper will contribute to urban planning and policy development in the modern data-rich economy.
•We analyze and classify urban data use cases into four reference models.•We identify six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities.•We give five considerations to address the challenges in implementing the models.•The challenges and considerations are based on four action research projects with government.•Our findings can aid urban planning and policy development in a data-rich economy.
Resource-based cities (RBCs) have made outstanding contributions to China's social and economic development over recent decades. Nevertheless, with the worsening climate change and the exhausted ...resources, how to curb carbon emissions of RBCs to deliver their low-carbon transformation is becoming a problem plaguing the world. To facilitate the low-carbon transformation of RBCs, the Chinese government has formulated many policies, including the Sustainable Development Policy of National Resource-based Cities, 2013–2020 (SDPRC). However, the implementation of SDPRC has not yielded a clear environmental influence. Therefore, this study employs the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Difference to investigate this influence based on the panel data of 285 prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2017 while exploring the related heterogeneity and impact mechanisms. It is found that: (1) the implementation of SDPRC has significantly reduced carbon emissions and intensities of RBCs, with this effect becoming more conspicuous with the advancement of the policy. A robust test also verifies these findings. (2) Results from the heterogeneity test demonstrate that the implementation of SDPRC has imposed a suppressive effect on CO2 emissions in eastern, central, and western Chinese regions, especially pronounced in the latter two regions. Except for the growing cities, which are not significantly affected by the policy, the other three types of cities have seen a catalytic effect on CO2 emission reduction from the implementation of the policy, with the most significant impact observed in the declining cities. (3) Analyses of related mechanisms reveal that thanks to the implementation of SDPRC, RBCs suppress CO2 emissions mainly by optimizing their industrial structures and relieving their energy intensities. Finally, some policy recommendations are proposed based on the findings of this study to facilitate the low-carbon transformation of RBCs.
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•Analyze the impact of China’s sustainable development policy on CO2 emissions.•PSM-Difference in Difference used for empirical analysis for 285 cities.•Sustainable development policy significantly reduces environmental degradation.•The effect is varied across regions and cities' development levels.•Proposed low-carbon transformation strategies for resource-based cities of China.
Being declared a global emergency, the COVID-19 pandemic has taken many lives, threatened livelihoods and businesses around the world. The energy industry, in particular, has experienced tremendous ...pressure resulting from the pandemic. In response to such a challenge, the development of sustainable resources and renewable energy infrastructure has demonstrated its potential as a promising and effective strategy. To sufficiently address the effect of COVID-19 on renewable energy development strategies, short-term policy priorities should be identified, while mid-term and long-term action plans should be formulated in achieving the well-defined renewable energy targets and progress towards a more sustainable energy future. In this review, opportunities, challenges, and significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on current and future sustainable energy strategies were analyzed in detail; while drawing from experiences in identifying reasonable behaviors, orientating appropriate actions, and policy implications on the sustainable energy trajectory were also mentioned. Indeed, the question is that whether the COVID-19 pandemic will kill us or provide us with a precious lesson on future sustainable energy development.
•Two-faced impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on global energy system were evaluated.•Opportunities and challenges of the shift progress to clean energy were analyzed.•Drawn lessons, strategies for the future, and policy implications were mentioned.
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