Kolektivno odlučivanje podložno je nemogućnosti agregiranja preferencija pojedinaca u društvenu funkciju blagostanja, nemogućnosti agregiranja ordinalnih preferencija u društvenu funkciju odlučivanja ...te nemogućnosti agregiranja preferencija prema međusobno neusporedivim kriterijima. Ovi problemi, za koje postoje formalni teoremi dokaza, mogu imati značajne posljedice za društvo na primjeru odlučivanja u javnom zdravstvu. Metodološka nemogućnost agregiranja preferencija dodatno je uvećana etičkim problemima, što se može vidjeti iz trenutnih primjera alokacije oskudnih cjepiva. Međutim, bez nekog oblika društvenog agregiranja preferencija ili nekog oblika odlučivanja, javni sektor, pa tako i javno zdravstvo ne može obavljati svoju djelatnost. U radu se ukazuje na neke od problema koji se javljaju zbog trenutnog načina alokacije.
Collective decision-making is subject to the impossibility of aggregating the preferences of individuals into a social welfare function, the impossibility of aggregating ordinal preferences into a social decision-making function, and the impossibility of aggregating preferences according to mutually incomparable criteria. These problems, for which there are formal theorems of evidence, could have significant consequences for society as for example in case of public health decision-making. Ethical issues, as can be seen from current examples of scarce vaccine allocation, exacerbate the methodological impossibility of aggregating preferences. However, without some form of social aggregation of preferences, or social decision making rules, the public sector, and thus public health systems, cannot perform their activity. This paper will try to summarize some of the problems that arise due to the current way of allocating scarce goods in health care.
This pioneering text provides a holistic approach to decision making in transportation project development and programming, which can help transportation professionals to optimize their investment ...choices. The authors present a proven set of methodologies for evaluating transportation projects that ensures that all costs and impacts are taken into consideration.The text's logical organization gets readers started with a solid foundation in basic principles and then progressively builds on that foundation. Topics covered include:Developing performance measures for evaluation, estimating travel demand, and costing transportation projectsPerforming an economic efficiency evaluation that accounts for such factors as travel time, safety, and vehicle operating costsEvaluating a project's impact on economic development and land use as well as its impact on society and cultureAssessing a project's environmental impact, including air quality, noise, ecology, water resources, and aestheticsEvaluating alternative projects on the basis of multiple performance criteriaProgramming transportation investments so that resources can be optimally allocated to meet facility-specific and system-wide goalsEach chapter begins with basic definitions and concepts followed by a methodology for impact assessment. Relevant legislation is discussed and available software for performing evaluations is presented. At the end of each chapter, readers are provided resources for detailed investigation of particular topics. These include Internet sites and publications of international and domestic agencies and research institutions. The authors also provide a companion Web site that offers updates, data for analysis, and case histories of project evaluation and decision making.Given that billions of dollars are spent each year on transportation systems in the United States alone, and that there is a need for thorough and rational evaluation and decision making for cost-effective system preservation and improvement, this text should be on the desks of all transportation planners, engineers, and educators. With exercises in every chapter, this text is an ideal coursebook for the subject of transportation systems analysis and evaluation.
A leading innovation scholar explains the growing phenomenon and impact of free innovation, in which innovations developed by consumers and given away “for free.”
In this book, Eric von Hippel, ...author of the influential Democratizing Innovation, integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm.” Free innovation, as he defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are self-rewarded for their efforts, and who give their designs away “for free.” It is an inherently simple grassroots innovation process, unencumbered by compensated transactions and intellectual property rights.
Free innovation is already widespread in national economies and is steadily increasing in both scale and scope. Today, tens of millions of consumers are collectively spending tens of billions of dollars annually on innovation development. However, because free innovations are developed during consumers' unpaid, discretionary time and are given away rather than sold, their collective impact and value have until very recently been hidden from view. This has caused researchers, governments, and firms to focus too much on the Schumpeterian idea of innovation as a producer-dominated activity.
Free innovation has both advantages and drawbacks. Because free innovators are self-rewarded by such factors as personal utility, learning, and fun, they often pioneer new areas before producers see commercial potential. At the same time, because they give away their innovations, free innovators generally have very little incentive to invest in diffusing what they create, which reduces the social value of their efforts.
The best solution, von Hippel and his colleagues argue, is a division of labor between free innovators and producers, enabling each to do what they do best. The result will be both increased producer profits and increased social welfare—a gain for all.
Kamilica (Matricaria chamomilla L.) je vrlo rasprostranjena biljna vrsta jer uspijeva na različitim tipovima tala što je čini interesantnom kulturom za intenzivnu proizvodnju. Rast potražnje za ...ljekovitim biljem pa tako i za kamilicom inicira poduzetničke ideje koje treba provjeriti postupcima analize tržišta, tehničke opremljenosti, agrotehnike i ekonomske opravdanosti poslovnog pothvata. Ciljevi rada su prepoznati značenje primjene poduzetništva u proizvodnji kamilice, prikazati cijene inputa i outputa na tržištu, utvrditi tehnološke postupke za očekivane proizvodne rezultate i ekonomsku opravdanost. U radu se determiniraju i primjenjuju analitički postupci neophodni za utvrđivanje ekonomske opravdanosti proizvodnje kamilice kao poduzetničke prilike. Prvi dio rada sadrži opis agrotehnike koja je neophodna za postizanje očekivanih prinosa u proizvodnji kamilice. Utvrđeno je kako kamilica dobro podnosi sušu, uspijeva na vrlo siromašnim tlima, obogaćuje tlo humusom, popravlja strukturu tla, ne zahtijeva zaštitna sredstva niti posebne pretkulture. Drugi dio rada čine analitički postupci provjere poduzetničke ideje kako bi proizvodnja kamilice zaista i postala poduzetnička prilika. Rezultati analiza potvrđuju ekonomičnu (1,31) i rentabilnu (23,72%) proizvodnju. Uz relativno niske investicije postiže se pozitivan financijski rezultat te je proizvodnja kamilice profitabilna (31,09%). Planiranjem i analizom poduzetnici stječu cjelovitu informacijsku osnovu za postizanje ekonomske uspješnosti poslovnog pothvata.
The main aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of household wealth (real estate, financial and other assets), income, age, education and gender on the saving for retirement behaviour of ...Lithuanian households. The wealth of households is one of the possible guarantees to ensure welfare in old age or another “force majeure” situation. Both non-financial and financial assets can be the saving instruments or factors influencing saving behaviour. The paper presents how much and what kind of assets Lithuanian households have accumulated and what level of income and financial ability to save they have. The research is based on the data from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). Data analysis reveals income and education is the most influential factors of retirement saving behaviour, households’ wealth has a positive and negative impact on retirement saving behaviour.
Most studies of the political economy of money focus on the laws protecting central banks from government interference; this book turns to the overlooked people who actually make monetary policy ...decisions. Using formal theory and statistical evidence from dozens of central banks across the developed and developing worlds, this book shows that monetary policy agents are not all the same. Molded by specific professional and sectoral backgrounds and driven by career concerns, central bankers with different career trajectories choose predictably different monetary policies. These differences undermine the widespread belief that central bank independence is a neutral solution for macroeconomic management. Instead, through careful selection and retention of central bankers, partisan governments can and do influence monetary policy - preserving a political trade-off between inflation and real economic performance even in an age of legally independent central banks.
This book was commissioned by the Department of Ethics, Equity, Trade and Human Rights as part of the work undertaken by the Priority Public Health Conditions Knowledge Network of the Commission on ...Social Determinants of Health, in collaboration with 16 of the major public health programs of WHO: alcohol-related disorders, cardiovascular diseases, child health, diabetes, food safety, HIV/AIDS, maternal health, malaria, mental health, neglected tropical diseases, nutrition, oral health, sexual and reproductive health, tobacco and health, tuberculosis, and violence and injuries. In addition to this, through collaboration with the Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, 13 case studies were commissioned to examine the implementation challenges in addressing social determinants of health in low-and middle-income settings. The Priority Public Health Conditions Knowledge Network has analyzed the impact of social determinants on specific health conditions, identified possible entry-points, and explored possible interventions to improve health equity by addressing social determinants of health.
Climate Crisis Economics draws on economics, political economy, scientific literature, and data to gauge the extent to which our various communities – political, economic, business – are making the ...essential leap to a new narrative and policy approach that will accelerate us towards the necessary transition to a decarbonized economy and sustainable future.The book draws out policies and practices with both national and local examples, which will demonstrate various complementary approaches that are empowering states and people as they seek to pursue the carbon neutral goal. The author delineates a climate crisis economics approach that is fit for purpose and which can help achieve necessary climate change goals in the decades ahead. Ensuring economic and ecological sustainability is neither easy nor cost-free; there is no single solution to the climate crisis. All aspects of our economies, policies, business, and personal practices must come into alignment in order to succeed. Frustratingly, we know what is needed and we have many of the technologies and systems to make the leap to a carbon neutral economy, yet we still fail to act with alacrity. Leaders, communities, and businesses must shift their narratives in how they talk about and think about the climate crisis. In doing so, in making the narrative leap to a new understanding about what is possible and necessary, we can stop endangering our common future and single, fragile, global habitat, and instead set the stage for Green Globalisation 2.0 and a new, sustainable industrial revolution.Climate Crisis Economics will appeal to academics, students, investors, and professionals from varying disciplines including politics, international political economy, and international economics. Written in an accessible voice, it draws on work in fields outside of and in addition to politics and economics to make a case for climate crisis economics as an approach to addressing the climate change challenge ahead.
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