US productivity growth accelerated after 1995 (unlike Europe's), particularly in sectors that intensively use information technologies (IT). Using two new micro panel datasets we show that US ...multinationals operating in Europe also experienced a "productivity miracle." US multinationals obtained higher productivity from IT than non-US multinationals, particularly in the same sectors responsible for the US productivity acceleration. Furthermore, establishments taken over by US multinationals (but not by non-US multinationals) increased the productivity of their IT. Combining pan-European firm-level IT data with our management practices survey, we find that the US IT related productivity advantage is primarily due to its tougher "people management" practices.
Smith Corona, formerly one of the world's leading manufacturers of typewriters, was challenged to exercise dynamic capability in the face of the dissipation of its main product category. A study of ...the last two decades of the life of the company shows how Smith Corona tried to alter its resource base by leveraging existing resources, creating new resources, accessing external resources, and releasing resources. Using the extended case method, this study advances dynamic capability theory by confronting it with an empirical case. The Smith Corona case provides rich insights into the resource alteration processes by which dynamic capability operates, and highlights resource cognition as a missing element in dynamic capability theory.
Past research indicates that the effect of TMT functional diversity on firm performance is equivocal. We address this issue by focusing on the integrative role of the CEO, postulating that the CEO's ...expertise and background characteristics affect the TMT functional diversity–firm performance relationship, because of their impact on the exchange and integration of distributed knowledge within the TMT. Using a dataset of 33 Dutch and Belgian Information Technology firms we investigate the moderating role of three sets of CEO characteristics (functional background, status as founder, and shared experience with the other TMT members) on the relationship between TMT functional diversity and firm performance. Our results reveal that CEO and TMT characteristics do interact in realizing the potential advantages of distributed TMT functional expertise.
Arne Krokans Smart læring er en kortfattet, informativ og nyttig bok som slår et slag for hvorfor og hvordan vi kan og bør få mer bruk av IKT og digitale medier i skolen. Etter å ha gitt en generell ...oversikt over ulike læringsteorier og hvilke paradigmer undervisningen har støttet seg til i de siste tiårene (referert til som industrisamfunnet), diskuterer han hvordan læringspotensialet i internett og sosiale medier ikke utnyttes fullt ut i skolen i dag. Krokan er opptatt av at IKT skal fungere på egne premisser, i stedet for å etterligne og erstatte operasjoner som har blitt foretatt analogt tidligere. En PC er mer enn en digital skrivemaskin, og dette er et poeng som brukes i diskusjonen om hvor fruktbart det kan være å legge mer til rette for at internett og sosiale medier kan og bør bli mer brukt i undervisning.
This paper analyzes the pioneering work of eKutir, a social business in India that leverages an information and communication technology (ICT) platform to progressively build a self-sustaining ...ecosystem to address multiple facets of smallholder farmer poverty. The study reveals that eKutir’s ecosystem has evolved through five distinct phases, each expanding the number and type of actors engaged and the breadth of ICT-supported services provided. The evolution displays a distinct pattern where the five elements of the ecosystem progressively evolve and reinforce one another to create a system that is economically sustainable, scalable, and can accelerate transformative change. The study has important implications for the design of emergent ICT platforms, which can enable an ecosystem-based approach to address complex problems.
Event detection is a challenging stage in eye movement data analysis. A major drawback of current event detection methods is that parameters have to be adjusted based on eye movement data quality. ...Here we show that a fully automated classification of raw gaze samples as belonging to fixations, saccades, or other oculomotor events can be achieved using a machine-learning approach. Any already manually or algorithmically detected events can be used to train a classifier to produce similar classification of other data without the need for a user to set parameters. In this study, we explore the application of random forest machine-learning technique for the detection of fixations, saccades, and post-saccadic oscillations (PSOs). In an effort to show practical utility of the proposed method to the applications that employ eye movement classification algorithms, we provide an example where the method is employed in an eye movement-driven biometric application. We conclude that machine-learning techniques lead to superior detection compared to current state-of-the-art event detection algorithms and can reach the performance of manual coding.
The marketing literature typically argues that customers cannot easily be involved with, and contribute to, the creation of major innovation (MI). This article finds otherwise. The authors use an ...inductive process method to study how six Mis were developed for business-to-business markets by small and young technology firms. Three of the Mis were successful, and three failed. The firms with MI success are distinguished by a nonconventional new product development process that includes five iterative and overlapping activities and up to ten different customer roles. These activities and roles are captured in a multifaceted taxonomy of customer participation. The analysis also uncovers three capabilities relevant to the development of successful MI—capabilities that are effectual rather than adaptive in nature. These findings and the propositions derived from them offer a more complete understanding of customer participation, new product development across contexts, and marketing capabilities.
Eye movements have been extensively studied in a wide range of research fields. While new methods such as mobile eye tracking and eye tracking in virtual/augmented realities are emerging quickly, the ...eye-movement terminology has scarcely been revised. We assert that this may cause confusion about two of the main concepts: fixations and saccades. In this study, we assessed the definitions of fixations and saccades held in the eye-movement field, by surveying 124 eye-movement researchers. These eye-movement researchers held a variety of definitions of fixations and saccades, of which the breadth seems even wider than what is reported in the literature. Moreover, these definitions did not seem to be related to researcher background or experience. We urge researchers to make their definitions more explicit by specifying all the relevant components of the eye movement under investigation: (i) the oculomotor component: e.g. whether the eye moves slow or fast; (ii) the functional component: what purposes does the eye movement (or lack thereof) serve; (iii) the coordinate system used: relative to what does the eye move; (iv) the computational definition: how is the event represented in the eye-tracker signal. This should enable eye-movement researchers from different fields to have a discussion without misunderstandings.
This article proposed four novel constructs — green brand image, green satisfaction, green trust, and green brand equity, and explored the positive relationships between green brand equity and its ...three drivers -green brand image, green satisfaction, and green trust. The object of this research study was information and electronics products in Taiwan. This research employed an empirical study by use of the questionnaire survey method. The questionnaires were randomly mailed to consumers who had the experience of purchasing information and electronics products. The results showed that green brand image, green satisfaction, and green trust are positively related to green brand equity. Furthermore, the positive relationship between green brand image and green brand equity is partially mediated by green satisfaction and green trust. Hence, investing on resources to increase green brand image, green satisfaction, and green trust is helpful to enhance green brand equity.
ABSTRACT
We report here on the discovery with XMM–Newton of pulsations at 22 ms from the central compact source associated with IKT 16, a supernova remnant in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The ...measured spin period and spin period derivative correspond to 21.7661076(2) ms and 2.9(3) × 10−14 s s−1, respectively. Assuming standard spin-down by magnetic dipole radiation, the spin-down power corresponds to 1.1 × 1038 erg s−1 implying a Crab-like pulsar. This makes it the most energetic pulsar discovered in the SMC so far and a close analogue of PSR J0537–6910, a Crab-like pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The characteristic age of the pulsar is 12 kyr. Having for the first time a period measure for this source, we also searched for the signal in archival data collected in radio with the Parkes telescope and in γ-rays with the Fermi/LAT, but no evidence for pulsation was found in these energy bands.
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