The global dynamics nowadays are synonymous with technological developments which have led to the complexity of emerging threats for implementing Indonesia's defense that come from state actors and ...non-state actors by taking advantage of technological advances in every digital-based crime. To respond, the concept of digital transformation needs to be realized in a more simultaneous and integrated manner for the defense process through technology platforms. One of them is using Artificial Intelligence technology on defense intelligence activities digitally to prevent sudden strategic attacks on defense forces. Despite of benefits that help intelligence performance in the defense sector, applying Artificial Intelligence technology has potential negative impacts. This article aims to study the significant implications of Artificial Intelligence technology on national defense using a qualitative descriptive method in literacy studies originating from journals, books, and credible internet sources. The findings provide that potential threats from Artificial Intelligence-based defense intelligence activities include miscalculation of algorithmic processes in the intelligence collecting phase, breaches in the process of sharing strategic defense data, and errors in processing statistical data as an effort to observe the reactions of other countries to maintain the balance of defense forces, resulting of misinterpretation in order to estimate national power of them and their intentions in deploying military force. If the potential threats are not focused on being addressed, it will have an impact on reducing the effectiveness of defense intelligence to reduce uncertainty in forecasting global threats.
Abstract In this paper, I respond to Lars Christie, David Omand and Stephen Ratner for their thoughtful comments on my book Spying through a Glass Darkly . In that book, I provide a philosophical ...defence of espionage and counter-intelligence activities. I have little to say about how best to implement the moral norms I defend so that they can help guide intelligence officers’ actions, in the world as we know it here and now. Relatedly, I have little if anything to say about whether domestic and international law should reflect and entrench those norms. These are the gaps which David Omand’s and Stephen Ratner’s contributions seek to fill. First, though, I consider Lars Christie’s probing objections to my views on the ethics of deception.
Obtaining complete and reliable information during counter-intelligence activities is very critical. The extraction, analytical processing, and use of information regarding signs and facts of ...intelligence, terroristic, and other activities of special services of foreign states, as well as organisations, individual groups, and individuals to the detriment of the state security of Ukraine is legally established as its main task. One of the main tasks of intelligence and counter-intelligence is to collect information in the interests of national security on the facts and signs of activities that threaten the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and constitutional order of the state, that is, its main system-forming component, using all possible sources. The purpose of such information collection is to assist the executive branch of government in developing internal and external policy, as well as to develop strategic and tactical decisions in the implementation of national policy. The purpose of this study was to identify the problems of collecting and using information by counter-intelligence, to develop a strategy to overcome such problems, and to investigate the legal principles of protecting human rights in the process of this activity. The results of the study will contribute to the development of the theory of national security, the obtained definition of the legal regime for collecting and using information about an individual or legal entity regarding which counter-intelligence actions are performed, will assist intelligence and counter-intelligence units in ensuring the protection of human rights during such activities.
Purpose
Exporting is a popular foreign market entry mode, especially among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The success of SME exporters depends on their ability to establish and maintain ...profitable long-term relationships with foreign customers. This study aims to propose that the development of an effective export sales strategy can contribute greatly toward this aim. The study also demonstrates that export market intelligence generation and export market intelligence dissemination activities are important drivers of export sales strategy. Export sales strategy comprises three dimensions, which are expected to have a positive influence on export performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses survey data obtained from 168 exporting firms based in Greece, to test a set of research hypotheses. Structural equation modeling procedures are used.
Findings
Findings indicate that export market intelligence generation and dissemination activities support and facilitate the development of effective export sales strategies, tailored to serve individual foreign accounts. Furthermore, all strategic dimensions of export sales strategy demonstrate significant positive effects on export performance.
Research limitations/implications
The research underlines the importance of incorporating export sales strategy in studies that aim to investigate the drivers of export performance.
Practical implications
The findings also indicate that exporting firms must actively engage in market intelligence activities to reinforce their strategic decision-making process.
Originality/value
The study emphasizes the crucial importance of export sales strategy in achieving superior export performance. The study provides a theory-driven conceptualization and operationalization of export sales strategy and offers an empirical assessment of a comprehensive model that includes the key antecedents and performance outcomes of export sales strategy.
The transition to the postmodern stage of development of Russian society, by the subsequent change of the system of civilizational values, required the scientific development of a new attitude to ...security as a basic human need with regard to changing the nature of traditional threats and interests and the emergence of completely new ones. The process of globalization being developed in the information age weakens traditional state institutions and requires a new look at national security not only as a category of foreign policy and military matters but also as an internal problem solved through operational and intelligence activities. The purpose of the study was to identify the current problems in the theory of national security by means of an analysis of scientific studies of the phenomenon of security in Russia; to consider security as a function and feature of the social system; to consider the Operational and intelligence activities of the law enforcement agencies as a mean for ensuring national security; to identify the conditions and factors of operational and intelligence activities that negatively affect the effectiveness of ensuring national security. In the course of the research, using computer indexing, about 1300 scientific, educational and methodological sources on national security and internal affairs issues have been processed and analyzed in the semantic, philosophical and legal aspects. The study examines modern theoretical and practical problems of ensuring national security as part of operational and intelligence activities of the law enforcement agencies. Operational and intelligence activities is considered in the national security system as a means of its information support, as well as as a tool for combating criminal, military and other threats. For the first time, considered are the conditions and factors of the operational and intelligence activities that negatively affect the effectiveness of ensuring national security.
This study investigates the effects of sustainable management activities (knowledge management activities, quality management activities, and competitive intelligence activities) on technology ...commercialization capabilities, sustainable competitive advantage, and business performance. In addition, it examines the effects of technology commercialization capabilities on sustainable competitive advantage and business performance as well as the effects of sustainable competitive advantage on business performance. We surveyed 409 global firms for 30 days from 1 October 2018 to 30 October 2018 and performed a structural equation model analysis on the data collected. We limited the scope of the survey to employees working at the level of team leader or above in the R&D department. The results showed that quality management activities and competitive intelligence activities have a statistically significant positive effect on technology commercialization capabilities and quality management activities, competitive intelligence activities, and technology commercialization capabilities have a statistically significant positive effect on sustainable competitive advantage. Additionally, sustainable competitive advantage has a statistically significant positive effect on business performance.
News media companies and human rights organizations have been increasingly warning about the rise of the surveillance state that builds on distrust and mass surveillance of its citizens. The COVID-19 ...pandemic is fostering digitalization and state-corporate collaboration, leading to the introduction of contact tracing apps and other digital surveillance technologies that bring about societal benefits, but also increase privacy invasion. This study examines citizens' concerns about their digital identity, the nation-state's intelligence activities, and the security of biodata, addressing their impacts on the trust in and acceptance of governmental use of personal data. Our analysis of survey data from 1,486 Canadians suggest that those concerns have negative impacts on citizens' acceptance of governmental use of personal data, but not necessarily on their trust in the nation-state being respectful of privacy. Government and corporations, it is concluded, should be more transparent about the collection and uses data, and citizens should be more active in "watching the watchers" in the age of Big Data.
Research shows that R&D's use of sales' market intelligence positively influences innovation performance. However, little is known about whether this effect hinges on salespersons' engagement towards ...and perceptions of market intelligence activities (MIA). Moreover, research remains incomplete regarding the drivers of salespersons' MIA engagement. Using dyadic data from 359 salespersons and 239 R&D managers in a multi-level model based on the job demands-resources theory, we demonstrate that the positive effect of R&D's use of sales' market intelligence on innovation performance is especially pronounced when salespersons' market intelligence generation is high and role ambiguity is low. We also show that although salespersons' self-set MIA goals are a strong driver of their MIA engagement, not assigning salespersons MIA goals may be a double-edged sword: in the short run, salespersons might engage in MIA voluntarily. However, in the long run, they could incur psychological costs in terms of role ambiguity and conflict, preventing them from engaging in MIA.
Tarihte bilinen en eski istihbarat birimlerinden olan İngiliz Gizli Servisi, I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Osmanlı topraklarında yoğun şekilde istihbarat faaliyetlerinde bulunmuş ve savaş boyunca ...askeri, siyasi, ekonomik ve coğrafi bilgiler elde ederek bunları raporlar halinde ilgili makamlara sunmuştur. Çanakkale Muharebeleri başlamadan önce ve muharebeler devam ederken İngiliz Askeri İstihbaratı Türk ordusunun genel durumu, birliklerin pozisyonları, bu birliklerin nitelikleri ve nicelikleri ve Gelibolu Yarımadası’nın coğrafi özellikleri gibi pek çok konuyla ilgili çok sayıda detaylı rapor hazırlamıştır. Bu askeri istihbarat raporlarının içeriği sadece Çanakkale Muharebeleri ile sınırlı kalmamış, Osmanlı Devleti’nin çeşitli bölgelerinde yaşanan hadiselerle ilgili bilgiler de ayrıntılarıyla verilmiştir. Özellikle başkent İstanbul’da yaşanan toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasi gelişmeler yakından takip edilmiştir. İstihbarat bilgilerinin İstanbul, İzmir, Suriye gibi önemli merkezlerde bulunan ajanlar, buralarda yaşayan Avrupalılar ve özellikle İstanbul ve Gelibolu çevresinde yaşamış azınlıklar tarafından verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer önemli istihbarat kaynağı da Türk esir ve kaçakların ifadeleridir. Genel olarak bakıldığında bu istihbarat raporları, kimin verdiğine göre değişmekle birlikte çeşitli yanlış bilgiler içerse de, raporların önemli bir kısmı son derece önemli ve işe yarar bilgiler vermektedir. Türkiye’de daha önce bu konuda akademik bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Dolayısıyla, Türkiye’de tamamı ilk kez bu makalede yayınlanacak olan askeri istihbarat raporlarının savaşın gidişatına olan etkisi ve bu bilgilerin Türk tarafıyla karşılaştırılarak incelenmesi muharebelerin daha iyi anlaşılması açısından önem arz eder.
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