Drawing on the knowledge-based view and organizational learning theory, we develop and test a set of hypotheses to provide a first attempt at analyzing the effect of speed of internationalization on ...long-term performance. Using a panel-data sample of Spanish listed firms (1986–2010), we find that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between speed of internationalization and long-term performance. We also find that whereas technological knowledge steepens this relationship, the diversity of prior international experience flattens it. Our results contribute to the existing IB literature on the performance of FDI, cross-country knowledge transferability, and nonsequential entry.
PurposeSmart cities and their internationalization process and efforts in order to gain the competitive advantage in the international arena have received a great deal of attention by marketing ...scholars and practitioners alike. Yet, the growing number of studies focused on this topic has led to considerable fragmentation and theoretical confusion.Design/methodology/approachTo move the domain forward, this study applies the systematic review methodology and reviews 41 peer-reviewed articles published in highly esteemed publication outlets.FindingsBuilding on the antecedents–phenomenon–consequences framework, the authors discuss the antecedents and consequences of the various innovative marketing strategies that smart cities adopt for their internationalization and development of an international competitive advantage. In the process of doing so, the authors synthesize the findings of the studies as well as literature gaps that provide fruitful avenues for future research.Originality/valueThis article offers a systematic review of extant marketing research on smart cities and their efforts to internationalize. In particular, this study advances the conceptual development of smart city internationalization and innovation by a marketing lens, provides an integrative, international-oriented framework that maps the extant literature across disciplines and countries, expands the boundaries of this research domain into new research paths and offers implications for policy and practice.
La concepción generalizada que considera la producción científica universitaria inherente e intrínsecamente internacional, ha contribuido a que no proliferen las investigaciones empíricas que tomen ...como objeto de estudio ésta problemática. En este artículo se da cuenta de las concepciones y percepciones que sobre la internacionalización de la actividad investigadora tiene el profesorado universitario hondureño, y, asimismo, se hace referencia a las controversias que esta cuestión suscita en los países de la región, las cuales inciden en el desarrollo de las instituciones de educación superior. Se ha recurrido a una metodología cualitativa/estructural, con la que se ha analizado la materia prima discursiva producida en las reuniones convocadas de acuerdo con una muestra estructural diseñada ad hoc. Se han identificado 6 posiciones discursivas, que configuran una estructura relacional, la cual ha sido gráficamente representada: (A) Dependiente, (B) Independiente, (C) Pasiva (D) Interdependiente, (E) Cooperativista regional, y (F) Crítica. Si bien es verdad que la (A) Dependiente se identifica como dominante, es la (D) Interdependiente la que ocupa la centralidad del espacio discursivo al converger en ella diferentes posiciones. El análisis realizado es un insumo que puede ser de utilidad para el diseño de políticas públicas relacionadas con la internacionalización de la investigación.
•The aim of this paper is to develop a model to analyze the interdependence between the indicators and compute the KPIs under the large group. The major contributions include five points. First, the ...hesitant 2-TUPLE linguistic is utilized to deal with the fuzzy assessment information regarding the interrelationships of indicators. Second, the experts are clustered based on the similar degree method. Third, this paper determines the weight of clustering with evaluation information based on the minimized variance method. Fourth, an extended DEMATEL method is used to analyze the relationship among indicators and calculate KPIs to improve the internationalization of higher education system. Finally, the proposed model effectively achieves the analysis and evaluation, KPIs are provided for the improvement of the internationalization of higher education.
The internationalization of higher education has become an important means for countries worldwide to develop and enhance their strengths, in which performance measurement plays a vital role. However, current performance measurement usually involves many indicators, and it is impossible to improve them all due to resource constraints. Therefore, a suitable performance measurement system can enhance the international influence and competitiveness of higher education institutions. In response, based on the matrix decision, this study develops a large group evaluation approach using a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic model. The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used, and key performance indicators (KPIs) are determined for higher education internationalization. In the method, the KPIs are focused on by constructing the correlation matrix between indicators using the hesitant 2-tuple linguistic model, which can then be determined by the extended DEMATEL method based on the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance indicators. In the case study, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed hesitant 2-tuple linguistic DEMATEL method are verified. The results show that the proposed model can help higher education institutions focus on a limited number of key indicators and systematically manage higher education internationalization.
This study contributes to the internationalization processes and sustainability literatures by looking into how, when, and why companies respond differently to formal and informal institutional ...pressures in favor of environmentally friendly practices during international expansion processes. When companies enter new foreign markets or expand their sales into existing ones they can be subject to increased formal and informal pressures. I show, theoretically and empirically, that in these cases the informal pressures' tacit and experiential nature affects the timing and the likelihood of compliance with these pressures. First, compliance with informal pressures takes longer than for formal ones. Second, companies that cannot afford learning about informal pressures, because of resource constraints or a limited learning efficiency due to a narrow previous international experience, tend to forgo compliance with these pressures. Failure to comply with these pressures or to do so in a timely manner can have devastating consequences for internationalizing companies' legitimacy.
When examining family firms' strategic decision-making processes, it is important to consider the role of non-financial goals and the preservation of socioemotional wealth (SEW). This study ...contributes to this discussion by integrating arguments from the SEW framework into the Uppsala internationalization model to investigate the importance of family emotional attachment factors in family firms' internationalization. Specifically, we analyze how the identification of family members with the firm influences its international activities, proposing that this influence is moderated by family involvement in the governance of the firm. The results show that the initial negative effect of family members’ identification on firm internationalization turns positive with higher levels of family involvement in the board and longer CEO tenure.
In line with repeated recent calls for research on specific forms of growth rather than on an undifferentiated notion of “total growth,” our study contributes to the understanding of entrepreneurial ...growth. By this we mean growth through expansion into new geographic markets and/or via the introduction of new products or services. Building on Penrose's theory of the growth of the firm and on the research streams she has in part inspired, we investigate the impact of knowledge acquisition from international markets on entrepreneurial growth both at home and abroad. We further suggest that the effects of international knowledge acquisition on entrepreneurial growth will vary with firm age. Utilizing longitudinal data on 138 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we find that the acquisition of knowledge from international markets fuels growth through market development, and that this effect is stronger for international expansion than domestic expansion. Our results also show that firm age negatively moderates the relationship between international knowledge acquisition and entrepreneurial growth via the introduction of new products or services. Specifically, international knowledge acquisition has a positive effect on growth via new products/services development in young firms, but a negative effect in mature firms. We assume this reflects changes over time in how international knowledge is managed.
•International acquisition of knowledge fuels growth through market development.•This effect is stronger for international expansion than domestic expansion.•The effect of international knowledge on growth via new products depends on firm age.
The Uppsala model Vahlne, Jan-Erik; Johanson, Jan
Journal of international business studies,
02/2020, Volume:
51, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In our award-winning 2009 article, we further developed the model that we originally presented in 1977. We observed that firms form relationships and that those relationships become networks, and ...thus in the end the business macro environment consists of networks of relationships between firms. Those relationships have far-reaching consequences, especially in terms of opportunity recognition and development. Since 2009, we have applied the Uppsala model to a number of different IB issues, most notably the process of globalization, which we believe is best understood as a driver of the evolution of the multinational business enterprise (MBE). We suggest that our model can still be improved further by recognizing the general psychological characteristics of managers, for instance, what makes them tend to shy away from radical change and to prefer instead an incremental approach? What does this mean for internationalization? Generally, we think that the closer our assumptions are to reality, the better the resulting model.
The emergence of agreements between private pathway colleges and public English-medium institutions represents a new development in internationalization that further challenges the public higher ...education landscape. While these institutional arrangements are controversial and often criticized, university senior administrators have been successfully able to advocate for and authorize them. This paper takes a closer look into the reasoning that administrators use in order to legitimize formal agreements with private pathway colleges in Canada. Drawing from the sensemaking literature within organizational theory, the following strategies are traced and analyzed: 1) normalization, 2) authorization, 3) rationalization, 4) moralization, and 5) narrativization. Through content analysis of 50 institutional documents, supported by nine semi-structured interviews with senior administrators representing two public universities and one private provider in Canada (Navitas), the paper demonstrates how neoliberal ideologies in internationalization are actively enacted in public spaces by administrators representing the public higher education sector.
The paper discusses the potential of virtual exchange (VE) to promote the development of Internationalization at Home (IaH) approaches. With that aim, the GAZUFES VE project was undertaken in the ...COVID-19/post-pandemic scenario between two universities in the Global South: one in Brazil and another one in Turkey. The theoretical framework informing the research is that of VE as a strategy to internationalize higher education and English teacher education. The methodology employed is qualitative, using content analysis to analyze data collected through reflection reports, interviews, journals, and observations produced by the project informants: preservice English teachers, researchers, teacher trainers and international relations office (IRO) staff in the two institutions involved in the GAZUFES project. Results of the analysis suggest that the GAZUFES project made a significant contribution to English Language Teaching (ELT) education and IaH in the contexts researched, not least by raising the awareness at the IRO offices and the two institutions about the potential of VE for IaH approaches. The implementation of the GAZUFES project was a teacher-led innovation in the two institutions involved and more work is required to institutionalize VE projects beyond individual teachers’ efforts. Results are discussed in terms of the challenges and benefits of VE for ELT education in general and IaH in particular through the inclusion of voices and perspectives of different agents in the two institutions (student teachers, researchers, teacher trainers and IRO staff) involved in the GAZUFES project.
PDF
