Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is a major foodborne and waterborne pathogen that can threaten human health. Due to its high toxicity at low concentrations, it is crucial to establish a ...time-saving and highly sensitive in situ detection method. Herein, we developed a rapid, ultrasensitive, and visualized method for detecting E. coli O157:H7 based on a combination of Recombinase-Aided Amplification (RAA) and CRISPR/Cas12a technology. The CRISPR/Cas12a-based system was pre-amplified using the RAA method, which showed high sensitivity and enabled detecting as low as ~1 CFU/mL (fluorescence method) and 1 × 10sup.2 CFU/mL (lateral flow assay) of E. coli O157:H7, which was much lower than the detection limit of the traditional real-time PCR technology (10sup.3 CFU/mL) and ELISA (10sup.4~10sup.7 CFU/mL). In addition, we demonstrated that this method still has good applicability in practical samples by simulating the detection in real milk and drinking water samples. Importantly, our RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection system could complete the overall process (including extraction, amplification, and detection) within 55 min under optimized conditions, which is faster than most other reported sensors, which take several hours to several days. The signal readout could also be visualized by fluorescence generated with a handheld UV lamp or a naked-eye-detected lateral flow assay depending on the DNA reporters used. Because of the advantages of being fast, having high sensitivity, and not requiring sophisticated equipment, this method has a promising application prospect for in situ detection of trace amounts of pathogens.
Matt Carlson confronts the promise and perils of unnamed sources in this exhaustive analysis of controversial episodes in American journalism during the George W. Bush administration, from prewar ...reporting mistakes at the New York Times and Washington Post to the Valerie Plame leak case and Dan Rather's lawsuit against CBS News._x000B__x000B_Weaving a narrative thread that stretches from the uncritical post-9/11 era to the spectacle of the Scooter Libby trial, Carlson examines a tense period in American history through the lens of journalism. Revealing new insights about high-profile cases involving confidential sources, he highlights contextual and structural features of the era, including pressure from the right, scrutiny from new media and citizen journalists, and the struggles of traditional media to survive amid increased competition and decreased resources. _x000B__x000B_In exploring the recent debates among journalists and critics over the appropriate roles of media, Carlson underscores the potential for unattributed information to be both an effective tool in uncovering necessary information about vital institutions and a means for embroiling journalists in controversy and damaging the credibility of already struggling news outlets. A timely cultural analysis, On the Condition of Anonymity maps the varying perspectives on confidential sources to foster a deeper understanding of moments of crisis, anxiety, transformation, and power in American history and American journalism.
Why has fact‐checking spread so quickly within U.S. political journalism? In the first field experiment conducted among reporters, we varied journalist exposure to messages that highlight either ...audience demand for fact‐checking or the prestige it enjoys within the profession. Our results indicate that messages promoting the high status and journalistic values of fact‐checking increased the prevalence of fact‐checking coverage, while messages about audience demand were somewhat less successful. These findings suggest that political fact‐checking is driven primarily by professional motives within journalism, a finding that helps us understand the process by which the practice spreads within the press as well as the factors that influence the behavior of journalists.
Across three separate experiments, I find that exposure to negative political information continues to shape attitudes even after the information has been effectively discredited. I call these ...effects "belief echoes." Results suggest that belief echoes can be created through an automatic or deliberative process. Belief echoes occur even when the misinformation is corrected immediately, the "gold standard" of journalistic fact-checking. The existence of belief echoes raises ethical concerns about journalists' and fact-checking organizations' efforts to publicly correct false claims.
Framing has become one of the most popular areas of research for scholars in communication and a wide variety of other disciplines, such as psychology, behavioral economics, political science, and ...sociology. Particularly in the communication discipline, however, ambiguities surrounding how we conceptualize and therefore operationalize framing have begun to overlap with other media effects models to a point that is dysfunctional. This article provides an in-depth examination of framing and positions the theory in the context of recent evolutions in media effects research. We begin by arguing for changes in how communication scholars approach framing as a theoretical construct. We urge scholars to abandon the general term "framing" altogether and instead distinguish between different types of framing. We also propose that, as a field, we refocus attention on the concept's original theoretical foundations and, more important, the potential empirical contributions that the concept can make to our field and our understanding of media effects. Finally, we discuss framing as a bridge between paradigms as we shift from an era of mass communication to one of echo chambers, tailored information and microtargeting in the new media environment.
Dynamiczny rozwój technologii medycznych, za które możemy uznać stosowanie produktów leczniczych i procedur medycznych, wymaga refleksji odnoszącej się do sposobów zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa ...potencjalnych beneficjentów tego rodzaju oddziaływań (pacjentów) oraz osób stosujących takie sposoby leczenia (wykonujących zawody medyczne) w wymiarze zarówno prawnym, jak i etycznym. Dotyczy to w szczególności obserwowanego obecnie wpływu mediów na podejmowane w systemie ochrony zdrowia działania oraz indywidualne decyzje pacjentów o stosowaniu oferowanych leków i/lub procedur medycznych.
W artykule prezentowane są wybrane przepisy prawne definiujące warunki stosowania produktów leczniczych oraz procedur medycznych o charakterze eksperymentalnym. Podstawowym elementem rozważań jest wskazanie prawnych uwarunkowań dla tego rodzaju wykorzystywania tak rozumianych technologii medycznych, także w szerszym tle – z dokonaniem charakterystyki uwarunkowań etycznych dla przekazu medialnego, w tym zapewnienia jego właściwej jakości dla ochrony zdrowia publicznego.
Rapid detection of nucleic acids is integral to applications in clinical diagnostics and biotechnology. We have recently established a CRISPR-based diagnostic platform that combines nucleic acid ...pre-amplification with CRISPR-Cas enzymology for specific recognition of desired DNA or RNA sequences. This platform, termed specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking (SHERLOCK), allows multiplexed, portable, and ultra-sensitive detection of RNA or DNA from clinically relevant samples. Here, we provide step-by-step instructions for setting up SHERLOCK assays with recombinase-mediated polymerase pre-amplification of DNA or RNA and subsequent Cas13- or Cas12-mediated detection via fluorescence and colorimetric readouts that provide results in <1 h with a setup time of less than 15 min. We also include guidelines for designing efficient CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and isothermal amplification primers, as well as discuss important considerations for multiplex and quantitative SHERLOCK detection assays.
This book makes the case for the news media to take the lead in combatting key threats to American society including racial injustice, economic disparity, and climate change by adopting an "ethics of ...care" in reporting practices.Examining how traditional news coverage of race, economics and climate change has been dedicated to straightforward facts, the author asserts that journalism should now respond to societal needs by adopting a moral philosophy of the "ethics of care," opening the door to empathetic yet factual and fair coverage of news events, with a goal to move public opinion to the point that politicians are persuaded to take effective action. The book charts a clear path for how this style of ethics can be applied by today’s journalists, tracing the emergence of this empathy-based ethics from feminist philosophy in the 1980s. It ultimately urges ethical news organizations to adopt the ethics of care, based on the human emotion prioritized by Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume, and to pursue a more pro-active, solutions-seeking coverage of current events.This is an invaluable text for students and academics in the fields of journalism ethics, media ethics and media law, as well as for media professionals looking for a fresh perspective on practicing ethical journalism.
In the central nervous system (CNS) platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) is expressed exclusively by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), making the Pdgfralpha promoter an ...ideal tool for directing transgene expression in this cell type. Two Pdgfralpha-CreER.sup.T2 mouse lines have been generated for this purpose which, when crossed with cre-sensitive reporter mice, allow the temporally restricted labelling of OPCs for lineage-tracing studies. These mice have also been used to achieve the deletion of CNS-specific genes from OPCs. However the ability of Pdgfralpha-CreER.sup.T2 mice to induce cre-mediated recombination in PDGFRalpha.sup.+ cell populations located outside of the CNS has not been examined. Herein we quantify the proportion of PDGFRalpha.sup.+ cells that become YFP-labelled following Tamoxifen administration to adult Pdgfralpha-CreER.sup.T2 ::Rosa26-YFP transgenic mice. We report that the vast majority (>90%) of PDGFRalpha.sup.+ OPCs in the CNS, and a significant proportion of PDGFRalpha.sup.+ stromal cells within the bone marrow (~38%) undergo recombination and become YFP-labelled. However, only a small proportion of the PDGFRalpha.sup.+ cell populations found in the sciatic nerve, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, heart, gastrocnemius muscle, kidney, lung, liver or intestine become YFP-labelled. These data suggest that Pdgfralpha-CreER.sup.T2 transgenic mice can be used to achieve robust recombination in OPCs, while having a minimal effect on most PDGFRalpha.sup.+ cell populations outside of the CNS.
The Global Journalist in the 21st Century systematically assesses the demographics, education, socialization, professional attitudes and working conditions of journalists in various countries around ...the world. This book updates the original Global Journalist (1998) volume with new data, adding more than a dozen countries, and provides material on comparative research about journalists that will be useful to those interested in doing their own studies.
The editors put together this collection working under the assumption that journalists' backgrounds, working conditions and ideas are related to what is reported (and how it is covered) in the various news media round the world, in spite of societal and organizational constraints, and that this news coverage matters in terms of world public opinion and policies. Outstanding features include:
Coverage of 33 nations located around the globe, based on recent surveys conducted among representative samples of local journalists
Comprehensive analyses by well-known media scholars from each country
A section on comparative studies of journalists
An appendix with a collection of survey questions used in various nations to question journalists
As the most comprehensive and reliable source on journalists around the world, The Global Journalist will serve as the primary source for evaluating the state of journalism. As such, it promises to become a standard reference among journalism, media, and communication students and researchers around the world.
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