Tranzicija je prouzročila značajno pogoršanje zdravstvenog i obrazovnog sustava u bivšim komunističkim zemljama. Mada je zdravstveni sustav ostao u javnom sektoru i službeno besplatan, rastuća ...proporcija siromašnih ne može priuštiti sve vrste medicinskih usluga. Obrazovanje je negativno pogodjeno i na strani ponude i na strani potražnje. U nekoliko zemalja bivše Jugoslavije, uglavnom Srbiji, Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini, rat i njegove posljedice prisilile su tisuće nastavnika i sveučilišnih predavača i profesora da napuste zemlju. U drugim zemljama, kao što su Rumunjska i Bugarska, niska primanja i gubitak profesionalnog statusa i dostojanstva, potakao je neke prosvjetne radnike da napuste obrazovanje. Na strani potražnje, negativan utjecaj bio je trostruk; pad u prisustvu učenika nastavi, neredovito prisustvo nastavi i nedostatak motivacije. Ekonomska tranzicija dovela je do povećanja nejednakosti u svim istočnoeuropskim zemljama. Dvostruki proces tranzicije od komandne ka tržišnoj privredi i masovna privatizacija državnih poduzeća igrao je glavnu ulogu u širenju jaza u raspodjeli dohotka. Pojavu uskog sloja novih bogataša pratilo je drastično povećanje postotka onih koji žive u apsolutnom siromaštvu.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The complex dimension of security in the formal and essential sense determines complex human activity and existence. In essence, the ...security can be expressed as a specific phenomenon, which is basically determined by a person's biological, existential dimension, and then, by a consequence of evolution and a complex of social and general interaction. Foregoing necessarily determines multidisciplinary in approach and understanding of the security phenomenology through the prism of general, social relationships, particularly manifested with social conflicts and the evolutionary process and a spectrum of systematic and organizational relation with the state as a product of intellectual and sensible community design. Of course, the implications and the complex correlation of security phenomenon interaction are product of objective evolution of socio-economic relations, development, technological progress, as well as of geopolitical relations as a condensed sublimate and essence of multidimensional process "necessity". Complex social relations based on the emergence of modern states, leaders of communitysovereignty groups, ethnic groups and nations, were the basis for strengthening and formalizing specific features of security and geopolitics in theoretical and practical terms. Geopolitics, as science and practice, becomes established at the end of modern states formation process, which lasted from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenth century, principally on the basis of the security phenomenology. With the evolution in modern states development, which were both created and developed in Europe, and geopolitical dimension itself, first by forming and then absorbing safety as its basic instrument, is to determine general civilizational dynamics and modern processes. That also had direct implications on a global, worldwide level, and in a very wide range- economy, security, politics, culture, and civilization in total. Essentially, it determines and directs the existence of 'humanity', based on contemporary international relations, primarily of sovereign states and doctrines which, no doubt, were based on the fundamental theories of modern geopolitics and its own "purpose", in the final, has been applied in a modern globalized concept. Globalization as a concept and doctrine has some specific characteristics, which essentially determines process of evolutionary development of social relations towards goal and dimension of overcoming the classical, modern societies and the shaping of postmodernism as a desirable form of contemporary social and general relations with characteristics of supranational and layered manifestations of „postmodern era" human practice. This approach VII is primarily expressed with one pole position, basic contemporary geopolitical approach, Sea Theory or Atlantism. On the other hand, expression of a more traditional and conservative specific characteristics is, essentially, shown with other basic geopolitical pole, by Land Theory or Eurasianism. However, despite this important comparison, maybe even more specific or precise statement would be that there are two opposing "theoretically and philosophically different selves." The primary, visible and exact historical context provides an undeniable proof of a very clear civilizational necessity of creating "conditions" for the existence of human, then with the evolution of ethnicity, nation, state, and necessarily complex of interests of individuals and groups, instrumental in theoretical level with consequential confrontation of modern general geopolitical approaches of Sea and Land Theory. Security, as a phenomenon, the theory and practice of human action is the connective tissue as well as the direct instrument of these approaches application. Explicit examples in recent times have been modern supranational collective security and political alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Southeast Europe has had an undoubted significance and constant in evaluative context of general civilizational, but also in a context of security phenomenology, as well as the theory and practice of geopolitics. In addition to proven historical context, this dimension is presented and maintained as a constant and determinant of contemporary geopolitical relations that occurred after World War II and instrumentals in a conflict of two rival security-political organizations, NATO and the Warsaw Pact. By observing NATO formation and evolution since its establishment on April 4th 1949, the analysis leads to insight in transformation and adaptation through seven strategic NATO concepts, which are containing basic guidelines of modern geopolitical theory atlantism. Specified position was then in practice represented by the Truman Doctrine, and then transformed with the evolutionary development, and in the seventh, the latest strategic NATO concept, Active engagement, modern defense, of November 19th 2010. Clear indications point to confirmation of the applicative and instrumental dimensions of geopolitical Sea Theory. This geopolitical theory is presented in an implicit and explicit way in each strategic concept, and the most commonly in definitions of "the protection of principle, not of the territory", promotion of "Western values", and with the range of security options for a "meeting" new risks and challenges. The above mentioned general approach is primary in the last three strategic concept (for which following, elaborating documents have not yet been publicly disclosed) in 1991. 1999. and 2010. Safety and security dimension of South East Europe is expressed as a constant VIII determining of the strategic NATO concept. The statement can be argued with the analysis of the security dimension and relations of NATO strategic concepts with two points of reference. The first approach in analysis is to confirm its constant and its determining relation of basic specific features, dimensions of the NATO strategic concept according to the security dimension of Southeastern Europe. These dimensions refer to the NATO organizational structures, financial and logistical support and general, comprehensive relationship between NATO and the security dimension of Southeastern Europe. It was reported and confirmed, beyond doubt, interactional and determinative, constant and correlational relation of observed subjects. That leads to the conclusion of indisputable dimension of security in Southeast Europe as a constant of NATO strategic concept. On the other hand, the reference point of the analysis is placed on abstracting the essential elements of security in Southeast Europe as determinants and constants of NATO strategic concepts. With this analysis following elements can be extracted: the total capacity of each state security and of the South East Europe as a security entity, the geographic location of individual countries and of the entire geographic South East Europe region, as well as individual and economic resources of individual countries and South East Europe as a whole, including the population in quantitative and qualitative terms. Thus it can be concluded that, based on this approach, it is undoubtedly shown that constant and determining dimension of specific security elements as an essential part of the overall security dimension of Southeastern Europe compared to the NATO strategic concept. Sublimating elaboration presented and basic research elements, it can be stated, with a high degree of scientific grounding and instrumental analyzes of NATO practice, that it has been proven a basic hypothetical basis for research in following terms: safety and security determinants are important elements in NATO creation and evolution, that stated determinants are constant in all NATO strategic concepts and that South East Europe security plays a significant role in redefining future global security concepts.- Kompleksna dimenzija bezbednosti u formalnom i suštinskom smislu determiniše kompleks ljudske delatnosti i bivstvovanja. U svojoj osnovi bezbednost se može iskazati kao specifičan fenomen, koji je bazično određen čovekovom, biološkom, egzistencijalnom dimenzijom a potom, posledičnom evolucijom i kompleksom socijalne opštedruštvene interakcije. Navedeno nužno određuje i multidisciplinarnost u pristupu i poimanju fenomenologije bezbednosti kroz prizmu opštih, društvenih odnosa, posebno manifestovanih društvenim konfliktima a evolucijskim procesom i spektrom sistemskog i organizacijskog odnosa sa državom kao umnim i smislenim produktom oblikovanja društvene zajednice. Naravno, implikacije i složene korelacione interakcije fenomena bezbednosti proizvod su i objektivne evolucije društveno-ekonomskih odnosa, uređenja, tehnološkog progresa ali i geopolitičkih odnosa kao kondenzovanog sublimata i esencije „nužnosti“ višedimenzionalnih procesa. Složeni društveni odnosi, tada bazirani na nastanku savremenih država, nosilaca suverenosti zajednice-grupa, etnosa i nacija, upravo su bili osnova za jačanje i formalizovanje specifičnih obeležja bezbednosti i geopolitike u teoretskom i praktičnom smislu. Geopolitika se, upravo, kao nauka i praksa etablira na kraju procesa formiranja savremenih država, koji je trajao od polovine XVI pa do kraja XIX veka, prevashodno na osnovama fenomenologije bezbednosti. Evolucijom u razvoju modernih država, koje su, kako nastajanje, tako i razvoj imale u Evropi i sama geopolitička dimenzija, prvo zasnovana, a potom apsorbujući bezbednost kao svoj bazični instrumentarij, determiniše opštecivilizacijsku dinamiku i savremene procese. Isto je imalo neposredne implikacije na globalni, svetski nivo i to u vrlo širokom dijapazonu, ekonomskom, bezbednosnom, političkom, kulturološkom, i ukupno civilizacijskom. Suštinski, determiniše se i usmerava opstojnost „čovečanstva“, zasnovanog na savremenim međunarodnim odnosima, pre svega suverenih država ali i doktrina koje su, nesporno, zasnovane na osnovnim s
